Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Upper Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

segments of the arm

A

-4 segments
-shoulder- pectoral girdle
-arm- anterior and posterior
-forearm- anterior posterior
-hand- wrist palm, dorsum, digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bones

A

-pectoral girdle
-upper extremity
-forearm
-wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pectoral girdle

A

-scapula
-clavicle
-6 muscles- movement of girdle and stabilization of the scapula
-elevation, depression, protraction (hunch), retraction
-serratus anterior, rhomboid major and minor, trapezius, subclavius, pectoralis minor, levator scapulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fracture of clavicle

A

-direct fall on shoulder or indirect force
-sternocleidomastoid elevates medial part
-trap is unable to hold up the lateral part of clavicle bc the weight of the arm -> depressed
-may also be pulled medially bc of pectoralis major
-middle- MC fracture- thinnest
-any force can cause dislocation- ligaments
-MC displacement- proximal fragment displaces superior bc its pulled on by sternocleidomastoid
-lateral displacement- weight of arm pulls it down -> caudal displacement
-non-union of these fractures -> 15%*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

clavicle defect

A

-dont mistake epiphysis at acromial end of clavicle for fracture
-fusion of ossification center fails -> bony defect on lateral side -> this is bilateral condition -> To differentiate between fracture graph both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fracture of scapula

A

-severe trauma
-MVA
-protected by muscles of both sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fractures to humerus

A

-MC in elderly with osteoporosis
-proximal head fracture- osteoporotic/fragility fracture
-surgical neck
-even a fall on hand can cause
-direct blow- mid shaft transverse fracture
-supraepicondylar (supracondylar) fracture- distal humerus fracture -> usually in child falling on hand
-nerve injury with fracture:
-surgical neck- axillary**
-radial groove- radial nerve
-distal humerus- median nerve
-medial epicondyle- ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

osteoporotic/fragility fractures

A

-distal radius fracture
-proximal head fracture of humerus (surgical neck)
-vertebral compression fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fractures of ulna and radius

A

-direct- transverse injury to both at same level
-interosseous membrane binds these bones -> dislocation of nearest joint with fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

colles fracture

A

-complete fracture of distal 2cm radius
-MC forearm fracture
-comminuted
-forced dorsiflexion
-ulnar styloid is often avulsed (broken off)
-dinner fork deformity- distal radius fragment projects posteriorly -> creates dinner fork shape
-radius shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fracture of hand

A

-27 bones in hands, wrist, palm, digits
-scaphoid is MC- fall on palm with hand abducted
-may not show on imaging at first
-can cause avascular necrosis of proximal fragment of scaphoid -> degenerative joint disease of wrist
-hamate fracture- may damage ulnar artery/nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pelvic girdle innervation

A

-rhomboids- dorsal scapular
-levator scapulae- dorsal scapular
-pectoralis minor- pectoral nerves
-serratus anterior- long thoracic
-subclavius- subclavian nerve
-trapezius- accessory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pectoral gridle movement

A

-pectoralis minor- protraction
-subclavian- stabilizes and depresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

clavicle

A

-joins two different skeletal system
-appendicular and axial
-rigid support for scapula and free limb
-protection to neurovascular bundle
-transfer shock from upper limb to axial skeleton -> without this we would fracture with trauma to arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structures neighboring clavicle

A

-above- thoracic inlet- vital structures pass behind
-thoracic outlet syndrome- compression of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

shoulder separation

A

-tear or a stretching of ligaments around shoulder
-complete tear- surgical repair -> AC and CC rupture
-partial- immobility will heal MC
-affects the positioning of the structures
-clavicle displaces posterior over acromion
-clavicle displaces just under skin -> coracoidclavicular and acromioclavicular tear
-clavicle underneath coracoid (very rare)
-Acromioclavicular ligament and Coracoclavicular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rotator cuff

A

-these muscles help humerus SIT in the glenoid fossa
-subscapularis
-infraspinatus
-teres minor
-supraspinatus
-humoral head- sits in glenoid fossa (made from scapula)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

shoulder joints

A

-TRUE JOINTS (anatomical):
-sternoclavicular joint
-acromioclavicular joint
-glenohumeral joint
-FALSE JOINT (physiological):
-scapulothoracic joint- space between
-suprahumeral (subacromial)- space above humeral head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rotator cuff tear

A

-primary action is to balance the tension around glenohumeral joint
-glenohumeral joint is very flat -> has a little labrum (cartilage) that buckles up but is very easy to tear
-only thing securing humeral head from going off balance is rotator cuff muscles
-MC- supraspinatus -> trouble with abduction
-2 causes- MC extrinsic compression (wear and tear) OR intrinsic degeneration (years of rotator cuff tendon wear -> blood supply decrease -> tear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rotator cuff action and innervation

A

-supraspinatus- only one that doesnt rotate shoulder -> major abductor
-after 15 degrees abduction -> deltoid takes over
-subscapularis- medial rotation
-infraspinatus and teres minor- lateral/external rotation
-teres minor - axillary nerve
-supraspinatus, infraspinatus- suprascapular nerve
-subscapular- subscapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

muscles that flex and extend the shoulder

A

-pectoralis major- flexion
-latissimus dorsi- extension
-deltoid- 3 heads
-teres major- extends
-tendons running in the bicipital groove- lady and 2 majors -> pec major (anterior), lat, teres major (posterior)
-bicep tendon runs over top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

deltoid actions

A

-3 functions bc 3 heads
-clavicular- flexion
-acromial- abduction
-scapular- extension
-axillary nerve

23
Q

ligaments of shoulder

A

-help hold humerus in glenoid fossa
-labrum- cartilage ring- hold loosely in ring -> stabilized by muscles and ligaments
-slap tear- superior labrum tear from anterior to posterior- MC -> bicep tendon inserts
-quickly lift, fall on hand -> bicep popping off and curling up

24
Q

shoulder dislocation

A

-less muscle in this area- MC area -> anterior
-anterior dislocation - humerus move forward anteriorly -> falling on extended arm
-posterior- head of humerus behind the socket, uncommon -> serve shock, seizures
-inferior- arm pushed down and out of socket towards armpit

25
Q

complications post shoulder dislocation

A

-recurrence- age, damage done
-high recurrence with younger -> first time in younger children should be surgically repaired
-fracture-humeral head- hillsachs fracture secondary to dislocation
-nerve injury- axillary nerve
-between the humerus and triceps long head -> 2 spaces -> quadrangular space and triceps hiatus
-axillary nerve and posterior circumflex in quadrangular
-triceps hiatus- radial nerve, profunda brachia artery

26
Q

quadrangular space syndrome

A

-compression of axially nerve
-pain over posterior lateral shoulder
-numbness
-vascular compromise of circumflex
-young adults, no trauma
-MRI- atrophy of teres muscle -> axillary nerve problem

27
Q

subclavian artery

A

-subclavian artery over the first rib -> gives off superior thoracic artery in 1st segment -> once it hits pec minor -> becomes axillary artery -> gives off 2 branches in 2nd segment -> thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic arteries
-3rd segment- posterior and anterior humeral circumflex artery and subscapular - at the level of surgical neck
-past teres major -> axial becomes brachial artery
-ex. elderly falls on hand -> breaks surgical neck -> posterior and anterior humeral circumflex arteries, subscapular, and axillary nerve are in danger

28
Q

brachial artery

A

-brachial artery comes down and crosses over elbow joints
-becomes radial and ulnar artery
-ulnar artery -> interosseous branches- feed the deeper layers
-injury to brachial artery -> compartment syndrome -> ischemia and paralysis to muscle
-volkmans contracture

29
Q

volkmans contracture

A

-occurs after injury to elbow or upper arm
-usually crush injury
-brachial artery damage
-pt goes into acute compartment syndrome
-if untreated- contracture of muscles -> permanent deformity -> flexion of fingers and wrists
-ischemia and paralysis of muscles
-can also happen with brachial plexus injury (less common)

30
Q

flexors of arm

A

-anterior compartment
-biceps brachii- shoulder and elbow supination (crosses over several joints)
-brachialis- elbow
-coracobrachialis- shoulder
-musculocutaneous nerve

31
Q

biceps tendon

A

-attaches below elbow
-testing reflex
-C6 spinal nerves being tested

32
Q

arm extensors

A

-posterior compartment
-innervated by radial nerve
-triceps branchii- long, medial, lateral head -> all combine to attach to olecranon of ulna
-anconeus- humerus to ulna
-long head- adduction and extension of shoulder***

33
Q

elbow

A

-7 major muscles- biceps tendon, triceps, brachialis, brachoradialis, aconeus, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
-3 flexors
-2 extensors
-2 rotate forearms- pronator teres and supinator
-9 muscles cross elbow to work on hand and metacarpals

34
Q

ligaments of elbow

A

-radial collateral
-ulnar collateral
-annular- over radial head
-tennis elbow- lateral epicondylitis pain -> occurs with extension of wrist or fingers -> pain over lateral epicondyle
-ulnar collateral tear- repeated pitching and twisting -> constant pain from overuse
-tommy john surgery- UCL tear repair
-annular ligament disruption- over radial head ->fracture or subluxation of radial head
-subluxation of radial head- nurse maids elbow

35
Q

supination of arm

A

-supinator
-biceps brachii (assist)

36
Q

pronator of arm

A

-pronators teres
-pronator quadratus
-brachioradialis (assist)

37
Q

elbow joint: composite hinge joint

A

-humeroulnar joint- composite hinge joint -> flex and extend -> wrench (olecranon of ulna) and nut (trochlea of humerus)
-humeroradial joint- ball and socket- pronation and supination
-radioulnar joint- pivot joint- prevents spinning out of control (excessive pronation/supination) -> prevents nurse maid elbow dislocation
-3 joints
-humeroulnar joint:
-olecranon and humerus- olecranon wraps 180 degrees around humerus
-olecranon and ulna -> wrench around nut -> stable -> flex and extend

38
Q

subluxation vs dislocation of elbow

A

-dislocation- force that pushes radial and ulnar out of joint and dislocate posteriorly
-humeral head out of olecranon- extreme force
-subluxation- bones are in tract with each other but out of communication with each other -> abrupt pulling, swinging child, pulling by arm -> radial head splits out from under the annular ligament -> decrease stability of pivot joint NURSE MAIDS!!
-cant bend wrist
-relocating subluxed radial head- palm up and bending at elbow

39
Q

forearm

A

-4 compartments
-anterior (flexor and pronators) and posterior (extensor) compartment
-superficial and deep compartment
-posterior- has dorsal and henrys mobile wad compartment

40
Q

anterior compartment of forearm

A

-3 wrist flexors- flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
-3 finger flexor- flexor digitorum superifcialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus
-pronator quadratus- anterior deep compartment -> pronate forearm
-ALL ARE MEDIAN NERVE EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)

41
Q

posterior compartment of forearm

A

-3 muscles in the lateral compartment for mobile wad of henry- extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis brachioradialis -> most mobile movement of muscles -> easy to retract these for surgery
-all innervated by radial nerve
-all originate on lateral epicondyle

42
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

-joins the clavicle and acromion process
-AC ligament- usually doesnt require surgical repair unless severe
-coracoclavicular ligament
-tears are based on the damage at these ligaments
-nerves- lateral pectoral and axillary

43
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

-ball and socket
-posterior rotation- external rotation of shoulder
-protraction and retraction
-elevation and depression

44
Q

frozen shoulder

A

glenohumeral

45
Q

clavicle injury

A

-carrying his arm for comfort -> signals immobilization helps -> signals bigger problem
-hand dominance is important to note
-nondisplaced fracture- no angle of fracture
-posterior displacement of clavicle- numbness, diminished pulses, ischemia of limb

46
Q

forces on the clavicle

A

-sternocleidomastoid pulling up
-pectoralis pulling medially
-trapezius is pulling up
-weight of arm pulling down
-coracoclavicular ligaments pulling

47
Q

clavicle repair

A

-plate and screw on both ends of clavicle
-causes so much discomfort sometimes even
-union is more common (or uncommon?) in younger (they move a lot)
-depending on angle
-need to be immobile for union

48
Q

elbow dimpling

A

-epicondyles misplaced
-forearm appears looks longer
-radial head displaced
-especially worried about ulnar nerve

49
Q

dermatomes

A

-ulnar nerve injury- pinky decreased sensation
-median nerve- middle hand and tops of middle fingers
-radial- dorsum parts of hand and thumb

50
Q

ulnar nerve

A

-motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
-loss of extension -> flexion takes over
-weakened intrinsic ->
-cant extend the pinkys -> exaggerated flexion
-flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis -> not innervated by ulnar -> take over -> excessive flexion of PIP and DIP joints
-ulnar claw hand

51
Q

forearm fracture

A

-distal radial fracture
-ulna dislocation
-interosseous muscle sheared
-severe pain with movement of fingers
-fingers are cool to touch, decreased sensation of 2nd and 3rd digits -> median nerve injury
-progression of these symptoms shows -> compartment syndrome
-must relieve or else permanent damage

52
Q

compartment syndrome

A

-5 Ps
-Pain with passive movement (someone else is moving it and there is pain)
-Paresthesia
-Pallor
-Paralysis
-Pulselessness

-3 As (for peds)
-increase analgesic
-Anxiety
-Agitation

53
Q

stryker pressure monitor

A

-assess compartment pressure

Anatomy (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions