upper extremity function Flashcards
week 12 (19 cards)
What are the components of Upper Extremity (UE) Function?
- Gross motor tasks
- Fine motor skills
- Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Components are considered within the context of individual, task, and environment.
What is ‘feed forward’ in UE movement control?
Anticipatory control typically initiated through vision
Previous experience affects movement, e.g., catching or bowling a ball.
Define ‘feedback’ in the context of UE function.
Position of the UE compared to a reference using vision and somatosensory input for movement correction
The cerebellum adapts movements quickly based on feedback.
What is required for locating a target with the upper extremity?
- Coordination of eye and head movements
- Eyes focus first
- Head and/or trunk movements may follow
Muscle responses are activated synchronously.
What does ‘reaching’ refer to in UE function?
Transportation of arm and hand in space requiring postural support
Functional reach test is used to assess this ability.
Which brain areas are involved in the neural control of reach and grasp?
- Primary motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
- Somatosensory cortex
- Posterior parietal lobe
The posterior parietal lobe is critical for movement planning and internal maps.
What are the two visual system pathways involved in UE function?
- Ventral stream (what) - perception and object recognition
- Dorsal stream (where) - localization
Vision is crucial for final accuracy in movements.
True or False: A person with a visual cortex lesion can see objects.
False
They cannot see the object but can point to its location, indicating some visual processing.
What is the role of somatosensory information in UE function?
Not required for simple movements with vision but critical for fine regulation of movement
Muscle spindle information is important for position sense.
Differentiate between power grip and precision grip.
- Power grip: force between fingers and palm
- Precision grip: force applied between tips of fingers
Each grip type is classified based on shape, size, and intended activity.
What are the phases of a grasp and lift task?
- Phase 1: contact with the object
- Phase 2: grip and load force increase
- Phase 3: load force overcomes object weight
- Phase 4: grip and load forces decrease
Predictive force needed for grip is managed by the cerebellum.
What does Fitts’ Law state?
Time required to move to a target area is a function of the ratio between distance to the target and width of the target
This principle is applied in tasks requiring speed and accuracy.
What is the Distance Programming Theory?
Visually perceive distance, activate agonist muscles to reach, and turn off agonist near the object
Antagonist muscles are used for braking.
What is the significance of bimanual coordination in UE function?
Skill requiring both arms to move with same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics
There may be a tendency for symmetry, and decoupling can be challenging.
What are common difficulties associated with abnormal upper extremity function?
- Visual and sensory impairments
- Coordination issues
- Abnormal synergies
- Manipulatory function deficits
These difficulties alter UE function and affect reaching and grasping.
What do target localization problems indicate?
Issues may stem from damage to the oculomotor system, vestibular system, or cerebellum
These damages can disrupt visually driven eye movements and adaptations.
What role does postural support play in UE function?
Critical element affecting speed and accuracy of reaching
It serves as a constraint on UE function in individuals with CNS pathology.
Fill in the blank: The ability to adapt grip forces in response to slip is affected by _______.
[sensory impairments]
What is the impact of using the ipsilateral limb in rehabilitation?
Can increase the speed of reach in the hemiparetic UE but may slow the unaffected limb
This effect is due to the uncrossed corticospinal tract fibers.
