Upper Limb Anatomy

Question 1

whats the only thing attaching upper limb to axial skeleton

Answer 1

clavicle

Question 2

what are the bones of the upper limb

Answer 2

shoulder girdle 
humerus 
radius/ulnar 
wrist (radio-carpal joint) 
carpus 
hand

Question 3

what helps to deepen the glenoid process

Answer 3

labrum to deepen it and try to increase stability

like a golf ball sitting on a t

Question 4

whats a ‘sprung shoulder’

Answer 4

dislocation of the AC joint (acromioclavicular)

Question 5

which muscles move the shoulder girdle

Answer 5

superficial extrinsic muscles of the back

trapezius

Question 6

how to test trapezius

Answer 6

shrug shoulders

Question 7

where is the origin of the trapezius

Answer 7

spinous processes T12

Question 8

what pathologies is the glena-humeral joint susceptible to

Answer 8

OA/RA
dislocation
adhesive capsulitis

Question 9

what is adhesive capsulitis

Answer 9

frozen shoulder
seen in diabetics and post-trauma

external rotation is the first thing to go

Question 10

what does the labrum do

Answer 10

u creases capture of the humeral head to increase stability

susceptible to labral tears

Question 11

who gets slap tears in the labrum

Answer 11

people with throwing injuries

slap tears occur where the biceps tendon anchors to labrum

Question 12

what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles

Answer 12

subscapularis (anterior)

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

Question 13

what nerve innervates the supraspinatus muscle and function

Answer 13

suprascapular nerve C5-C5

abducts arm

Question 14

what nerve innervates infraspinatus and function

Answer 14

suprascapular nerve

externally rotates arm

Question 15

what nerve innervated theres minor and what is its function

Answer 15

externally rotates arm

ancillary nerve (C5/C6)

Question 16

what nerve innervated subscapularis and what is its function

Answer 16

upper and lower sub scapular

internally rotates the arm

Question 17

pathologies that affect the rotator cuff

Answer 17

tears (treat with analgesia, physio and steroids)

impingment

Question 18

what does the deltoid do and what nerve innervates it

Answer 18

abducts the arm

innervated by axillary nerve

Question 19

where does the short head of the biceps brachia originate

Answer 19

coracoid process

Question 20

where does the long head of the biceps originate

Answer 20

labrum/glenoid

Question 21

where does the biceps insert

Answer 21

tuberosity of the radius

Question 22

what nerve innervates the biceps

Answer 22

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 23

function of the biceps

Answer 23

flexes elbow

supinates forearm

Question 24

what pathologies are the biceps susceptible to

Answer 24

tendonitis

Question 25

what side is the radial head on in the elbow joint

Answer 25

always lateral

Question 26

what does the radial head articulate with in the elbow

Answer 26

capitulum

Question 27

what pathologies is the elbow susceptible to

Answer 27

OA/RA dislocation ulceration fracture

Question 28

most common reason for elbow replacements

Answer 28

rheumatoid arthritis v rare

Question 29

most common dislocation in the elbow

Answer 29

ulnar moves posteriorly

Question 30

what do children elbows look like

Answer 30

Olecronon only partly formed | growth plates visible

Question 31

what bursa is commonly inflammed

Answer 31

olecranon bursa | used to be called students bursitis

Question 32

ligaments of the elbow

Answer 32

medial collateral lateral collateral annular ligament

Question 33

where do all the extensor muscles of the forearm (dorsal compartment) insert

Answer 33

the lateral epicondyle

Question 34

what are the extensor muscles of the forearm susceptible to

Answer 34

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) type of tendonitis

Question 35

what is the common site or origin for the flexor muscles of the forearm

Answer 35

medial epicondyle golfer's elbow

Question 36

what membrane is between the ulnar and radius

Answer 36

interosseous membrane

Question 37

when do the ulnar and radius cross over

Answer 37

in pronation

Question 38

what are the bones of the hand

Answer 38

``` scaphoid some lunate lovers triquetrum try pisiform positions trapezium that trapeziod they capitate cannot hamate handle ```

Question 39

what is the wrist joint susceptible to

Answer 39

OA RA fractures dislocations

Question 40

most common type of wrist fracture

Answer 40

distal radius fracture dorsally displaced dinner fork deformity

Question 41

what bone in the hand has a retrograde (doubles back on itself) blood supply

Answer 41

scaphoid makes it susceptible to avascular necrosis Same as the femoral head

Question 42

what type of scaphoid fracture is more likely to head

Answer 42

distal

Question 43

where do you feel for a scaphoid fracture

Answer 43

anatomical snuff box

Question 44

what does your thumb not have that the other fingers have

Answer 44

intermediate phalange

Question 45

what are the two groups of hand muscles

Answer 45

intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 46

intrinsic muscles

Answer 46

within the hand itself | responsible fro fine motor functions

Question 47

extrinsic muscles

Answer 47

located in anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm control finger flexion and extension and movement of the wrist

Question 48

what do the thenar muscles do and what are they called and whats their innervation

Answer 48

moves thumb opposes pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis braves innervated by median nerve

Question 49

what do the hypothenar muscles do and what are they called | and what innervation

Answer 49

move the little finger abductor digits minimi ulnar nerve

Question 50

what do the interossei muscles do

Answer 50

move all the fingers all flex MCPJand extend IPJ ulnar nerve innervation

Question 51

what do the lumbrical muscles do (x4)

Answer 51

one for each finger crucial to dinger moment link extensor and decor tendons lateral 2 innervated by median nerve medial 2 innervated by ulnar nerve

Question 52

extrinsic muscles of the hand

Answer 52

flexor tendons | flexor pulleys

Question 53

what does the flexor digitorum superficial do

Answer 53

extrinsic flexor of fingers flexes fingers at PIP joints innervated by median nerve passes through carpal tunnel

Question 54

what does flexor digitorum profundus do

Answer 54

flexes fingers at DIP joints innervated by median nerve passes through carpal tunnel

Question 55

what are the flexor pulleys

Answer 55

annular ligaments cruciate pulleys susceptible to triggering

Question 56

what is the palmar fascia

Answer 56

separated the palmar muscle bellies and flexor tendons from skin susceptible to hypertrophy and fibrosis (dupuytrens contractor)

Question 57

what vessels arterial supply the hand

Answer 57

radial artery and ulnar artier (come from the brachial artery)

Question 58

how are the ulnar and radial digit artery names

Answer 58

by the side of the digit theyre closer to

Question 59

what are the 3 peripheral nerves of the hand

Answer 59

median ulnar radial

Question 60

what muscles does the median nerve supply

Answer 60

flexors of forearm LOAF muscles abductor pollicis brevis (test)

Question 61

what are the 2 types of compressive neuropathies in the upper limb

Answer 61

cubital tunnel syndrome at elbow carpal tunnel syndrome at wrist

Question 62

what happens in cubital tunnel

Answer 62

ulnar nerve compressed

Question 63

what happens in carpal tunnel

Answer 63

median nerve compressed

Question 64

what is the brachial plexus

Answer 64

network of the ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve roots goes through neck, axilla into the arm give off the peripheral nerves that supply upper arm and forearm and hand

Question 65

what sections is the brachial plexus split into

Answer 65

``` roots trunks divisions cords branches ``` watch youtube video on it bc u need to know it