Upper motor control - Part I

Question 1

Why is yawning infectious?

Answer 1

mirror neurons

Question 2

What is motor control?

Answer 2

process of initiating, directing and grading purposeful volitional movement

Question 3

Muscle spindle and other sensory systems will feedback if performing motions as …

Answer 3

Planned or not, if you dont, readjust

Question 4

Order from brain go to ________ ________ system, to fine motor control and limb movement

Answer 4

postural control

Question 5

What is closed loop or bottom up model?

Answer 5

1,2,3,4
- sensory in, motor out
- ex. see ball, make decision to kick it

Question 6

What is open loop or top down model?

Answer 6

a,b,c,d
- decision from CNS gets out as motor
- NO SENSORY
- ex. reach for water bottle without seeing it / looking up at it

Question 7

What are reflexes?

Answer 7

sensory in, directly motion out
- ex. patellar reflex, DTRs
- withdrawal reflex when touching something hot, withdrawal hand without thinking about it

Question 8

What are central patter generators?

Answer 8

• prewritten APPs in brain stem and spinal cord
• walking/gait pattern in written in spinal cord, can cut at medulla and still walk normally

Question 9

What are the 4 levels of hierarchical motor control?

Answer 9

1. spinal cord
2. brainstem
3. motor cortex
4. association cortex

Question 10

What is contained in level two of motor control?

Answer 10

brainstem
- red nucleus (rubtospinal tract)
- reticular formation
- vestibular nuclei
- tectum
- pontine nuclei
- inferior olive

Question 11

What is contained in level 3 of motor control?

Answer 11

Motor Cortex
- Primary motor cortex
- premotor cortex
- supplementary motor area

• unimodal, Brodmann Area 6

Question 12

Can lower levels of the hierarchical motor control control higher levels?

Answer 12

NO

• higher can control lower but not reverse

Question 13

What is the LMN in the spinal cord medial to lateral orientation?

Answer 13

trunk to extremity

Question 14

What is the LMN in the spinal cord anterior to posterior orientation?

Answer 14

extensors to flexors

Question 15

What is the cerebral cortex (UMN in the brain) for?

Answer 15

extremity, skills/fine motor control

Question 16

What is the brainstem (UMN in the brain) for?

Answer 16

trunk, gross motor control

Question 17

What do level 3 and 4 of the motor control hierarchy mainly control?

Answer 17

extremities

Question 18

most part of level 3 descend medially to _______

Answer 18

bilaterally, BOTH SIDES

Question 19

What is within level 4 of motor control?

Answer 19

• Cingulate motor area in the limbic system
• posterior parietal cortex; Brodmann areas 5 and 7
• Frontal eye field: Brodmann area 8
• Language areas:
• Broca’s area 44 and 45
• Multimodal association cortex

Question 20

What Brodmann area does hand-eye coordination?

Answer 20

5 and 7
- posterior parietal cortex

Question 21

Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons located in the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Question 22

Which thalamic nuclei does the C-fiber mediated diffuse pain project to?

Answer 22

intralaminal and centromedian nuclei

Question 23

What are the 3 structures in the cingulate motor area in level 4 motor control that have connected functions of reciprocal projections?

Answer 23

1. L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2. Orbitofrontal cortex
   3, Cingulate motor area

Question 24

What is the function of the Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 24

motor planning and execution

Question 25

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 25

collecting/summarizing motor results

Question 26

What ist he function of the cingulate motor area?

Answer 26

- calculating the "reward" of a motion - emotion-related behaviors: reward-seeking or aversion seeking the most reward with the least investment decides if we continue that motion

Question 27

What is the alternative motor control theory?

Answer 27

"investment and reward" - most reward with least investment, basic principle for computer-brain interface

Question 28

What are the functions of posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 28

- specialized area for hand reach/grasp: apraxia, L hemisphere - Saccadic eye movements

Question 29

What is the specialized area for hand reach/grasp also doing?

Answer 29

- processing object size - orientation - hand matching (need whole hand, two fingers, etc to pick up the object)

Question 30

What do saccadic eye movements help with?

Answer 30

eye-hand coordination

Question 31

What does V1 detect?

Answer 31

lines only

Question 32

What does V2 detect?

Answer 32

shape of objects

Question 33

What does V4 detect?

Answer 33

color

Question 34

What detects the WHERE and HOW of visual pathways?

Answer 34

dorsal stream of visual pathways - context and spatial representation of objects: WHERE - Visuomotor transformations: HOW

Question 35

What detects the WHAT of visual pathways?

Answer 35

Ventral stream

Question 36

What are the functions of V1,2, and 4 and what are their pathways?

Answer 36

V1 only detects lines with different directions, integrated into V2, the unimodal association cortex where shapes are integrated, then projected to V4 for color. There are two pathways: ventral stream to the temporal lobe and dorsal stream to parietal lobe (posterior parietal cortex Bordmann area 5 and 7) to define where structures are in space

Question 37

Where does the ventral stream project?

Answer 37

temporal lobe

Question 38

Where does the dorsal stream project?

Answer 38

parietal lobe - brodmanns 5 and 7

Question 39

What brodmanns area is the unimodal association cortex?

Answer 39

6

Question 40

What is within the unimodal association cortex?

Answer 40

- supplemental motor area (SMA) - premotor cortex (PM) > dorsal and ventral

Question 41

What is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 41

M1 - Brodmann area 4

Question 42

What are the functions of SMA in open loop top down?

Answer 42

Coordination of sequential tasks - deciding to do something without external stimuli - ex. play piano

Question 43

Where is the supplementary motor area?

Answer 43

Medial Brodmann area 6

Question 44

What are the major motor control functions for Brodmann areas 5 and 7?

Answer 44

Praxis - ideational - motor - etc. Hand-eye Coordination

Question 45

What does a simple motion?

Answer 45

unilateral M1/S1

Question 46

What if we do a simple motion with our left hand? What is activated?

Answer 46

Right M1 and S1 activated when left fingers touch or do a simple motion

Question 47

What does a complex motion activate?

Answer 47

Unilateral M1/S1 and bilateral SMA

Question 48

What if we do a complex motion with our left hand such as playing the piano, what is activated?

Answer 48

- Left SMA, right M1 and S1 and SMA SMA on both sides, right M1/S1

Question 49

What does iMAGERY of a complex motion activate?

Answer 49

bilateral SMA

Question 50

Why do we get post stroke flaccidity?

Answer 50

- stroke compromises corticopontine tracts, which are connected to the cerebellum, which adjusts muscle tone; without control = muscles flaccid

Question 51

Where is the PM?

Answer 51

dorsal to ventral along Brodmann area 6

Question 52

What are the functions of PM in motor control?

Answer 52

- preparation for movement - correct and incorrect actions - most concentration of mirror neurons

Question 53

What is context-dependent behavior ______ loop?

Answer 53

closed loop, bottom up - breakfast, heavy coffee cup if full, PMA more activated, if less heavy, less activation of PMA

Question 54

What kind of translator are mirror neurons?

Answer 54

sensory to motor

Question 55

Where are mirror neurons NOT located?

Answer 55

occipital lobe

Question 56

What is the sensorimotor pathway for somatic motor functions of mirror neurons for?

Answer 56

- understanding the intention of the movement: learning

Question 57

What is the emotion pathway for visceral motor functions of mirror neurons?

Answer 57

self and social cognition - why we cry during movies, infectious emotion but only with experience

Question 58

What pathways do mirror neurons integrate?

Answer 58

sensorimotor pathway (Sm) and Emotion pathway (Vm)

Question 59

When are you daydreaming of skiing in my boring neurobiology course, which level 3 motor control centers are active?

Answer 59

bilateral SMA

Question 60

List out motor to sensory and sensory to motor translators in our bodies?

Answer 60

- motor to sensory: muscle spindle - Sensory to motor: mirror neurons