Upper Nerve Tracts In Voluntary Movements

Question 1

What is it called when the motor system communicates between levels?

Answer 1

Serial organization

Question 2

What is it called when there are multiple pathways between each level?

Answer 2

Parallel organization

Question 3

What is critically important in understanding the various dysfunctions that can result from damage to the motor system?

Answer 3

Parallel orginaization

Question 4

What is it when paralysis is actually relatively rare, produced by damage to the lowest level of the hierarchy.

Answer 4

Parallel processing

Question 5

What pathways arise from multiple regions of the brain and send axons down the spinal cord that innervate interneurons and Alpha motor neurons directly?

Answer 5

Depending motor pathways.

Question 6

What provides motor signals from the cortex to the lower motor neurons?

Answer 6

Upper motor neurons

Question 7

What UMN pathway contains nerves from the cortex, control LMN and interneurons directly?

Answer 7

Direct

Question 8

What UMN contains nerves from the cortex, controls LMN and interneurons indirectly.

Answer 8

Indirect

Question 9

What system controls MN and interneurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 9

Corticospinal

Question 10

what system controls the brain stem (CN neuclei) ?

Answer 10

Corticobulbar

Question 11

What are the 3 regions UMN follow and synapse to MN pools?

Answer 11

Medial tract
Lateral tract
Nonspecific

Question 12

What tracts come from the brainstem and innervate median pools for postural and girdle muscles?

Answer 12

Medial

Question 13

What tracts come from lateral pools and innervate muscles of the face, neck and distal limb (skilled movements)?

Answer 13

Lateral

Question 14

What tracts terminate throughout the ventral cord, contribute to background levels of excitation influencing reflexes
(Adjusting and influencing the other two tracts)?

Answer 14

Nonspecific

Question 15

What are the 2 pathways UMN axons from the brain and brainstem that descend on?

Answer 15

Lateral and ventromedial pathways

Question 16

What pathways control direct cortical control (voluntary) movement of distal musculature?

Answer 16

Lateral pathways

Question 17

What pathways control indirect cortical control (reflexive) of proximal girdle musculature?

Answer 17

Ventromedial pathways

Question 18

What is the most important path for voluntary movement?

Answer 18

Corticospinal

Question 19

This pathway arises from the premotor and primary motor cortex and activates individual muscles independently fo others such as moving a single finger?

Answer 19

Corticospinal

Question 20

What pathway controls distal limb muscles?

Answer 20

Lateral corticospinal

Question 21

What pathway controls (minor) trunk and proximal musculature

Answer 21

Anterior corticospinal

Question 22

These pathways starts in the internal capsule, then 90% decussate at the medulla while the other 10% continue down the spinal cord to the segment at which they terminate and cross over to the contralateral side?

Answer 22

Lateral and anterior corticospinal

Question 23

This pathway carry’s motor commands for voluntary movements and innervates distal musculature, directs exquisite movements of the fingers and hands and damage will result in loss of fractionation.

Answer 23

Lateral corticospinal

Question 24

This pathway arises in the red nucleus in the midbrain, immediately decussates, mostly terminates in the cervical cord and regulate flexor activity in the arms.

Answer 24

Rubrospinal tract

Question 25

This pathway could serve as an alternate route for voluntary moron commands but the function in humans is unclear. It is also thought to play a role in movement velocity and possibly plays a role in transmitting learned motor commands.

Answer 25

Rubrospinal tract.

Question 26

WHat pathway controls the cranial nerve neuclei?

Answer 26

Corticobulbar pathway

Question 27

THis pathway originates in the premotor and primary motor areas, descends through the internal capsule and terminate bilaterally on interneurons circuits that control the motor nuclei (LMN) in the brainstem.

Answer 27

Corticobulbar

Question 28

A lesion of this pathway would allow you to close your hand but not your individual fingers and paralysis on the contralateral side.

Answer 28

Lateral corticospinal

Question 29

These pathways use sensory information about balance, visual environment and body position for reflexive balance, posture, locomotion and automatic cross movements.

Answer 29

Ventromedial pathways

Question 30

These pathways are in change of head balance, head turning, and postural adjustments.

Answer 30

Vestibulospinal

Question 31

This pathway mediates head position changes in response to posture and terminates at all spinal levels above T6.

Answer 31

Medial vestibulospinal

Question 32

This pathway excites trunk extensors and terminates at all levels.

Answer 32

Lateral vestibulospinal

Question 33

This pathway arises in the superior colliculus, terminate in the upper cervical spinal segments and aids in directing head movements in response to visual stimuli.

Answer 33

Tectospinal

Question 34

This Pathway enhances antigravity reflexes (extensors of lower limb) and inhibits flexors (conscious awareness). It also keeps center of gravity over feet to keep you erect.

Answer 34

Pontine reticulospinal

Question 35

This pathway liberates flexors from flexor synergy reflex in preparation and during voluntary movements.

Answer 35

Medullary reticulospinal

Question 36

What part of the brainstem is in charge of modulators functions mostly directed to the brain including alertness, consciousness and mood modulation

Answer 36

Mesencephalic and rostral pons

Question 37

What part of the brainstem integratesfeedback sensory signals with the UMN cerebellum to regulate somatic and visceral LMN pools such as sneezing, yawning, swallowing, gagging and respiration.

Answer 37

Caudal pons and medulla

Question 38

These two systems are activated with excessive lambic activity (emotional activation) and do not influence movements directly but alter excitation of spinal interneurons.

Answer 38

Locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus

Question 39

WHat pathway would cause a problem moving and grasping objects but not standing in place.

Answer 39

Corticospinal tract

Question 40

If you slowly leaned forward, what pathway would cause you to contract your gastrocnemius to correct your pasture?

Answer 40

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 41

What plays a critical role in organizing actions, sequencing and developing alternatives

Answer 41

The prefrontal cortex

Question 42

What is involved in ensuring that movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space?

Answer 42

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 43

Damage to this structure results in inability to make complex coordinated movements (apraxia)

Answer 43

Posterior parietal cortex

Question 44

This structure plans and selects appropriate goals for particular behavioral context.

Answer 44

Prefrontal cortex

Question 45

Damage to this will cause impulsive actions, inability to anticipate consequences and delayed gratification

Answer 45

Prefrontal cortex

Question 46

This is where abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action receives inputs from the posterior parietal

Answer 46

Anterior frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

Question 47

What premotor area is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 47

Area 4

Question 48

What premotor area is the area for “higher” association?

Answer 48

Area 6

Question 49

What area is involves in selection of motor plans for voluntary movement ?

Answer 49

The premotor cortex area

Question 50

These become active while watching relatable movements such as picking up a cup with your hand or with tongs

Answer 50

Mirror neurons

Question 51

These nerves responds to sensory, auditory, visual stimuli immediately around the body and execute “defensive” arm movements to protect yourself

Answer 51

Personal protection actions

Question 52

This area is involved with learned sequential motor actions such as drumming fingers, coordinating complex timed bilateral movements such as playing the piano from memory, mental imagery of movements and things such as how hard to throw a basketball to make a basket

Answer 52

Supplemental motor area

Question 53

This does not innervate a single mu’scle but groups of muscles associated with a given body part for a desired movement

Answer 53

Motor cortex

Question 54

If you have trouble playing the piano with both hands from memory but can point your fingers independently what is likely damaged?

Answer 54

The supplemental motor area

Question 55

What are oscillatory contractions and relaxations of muscle when stretched?

Answer 55

Clonus

Question 56

This is when there is damage of the brainstem above the pons.

Answer 56

Decerebrate posture

Question 57

This is a disruption of the connections between the brainstem motor centers and cortex rubrospinal tract intact.

Answer 57

Decorticate