Spinal Cord Control Of Movement Pt. 1

Question 1

Why do we have a brain?

Answer 1

We need the brain in order to move

Question 2

The brain solves problems of what three main categories of things?

Answer 2

Adaptation of movement
Coordination of muscles
Acting automatically

Question 3

What areas of the brain are essential for planning, initiating , and directing voluntary movements?

Answer 3

Broadman 4 and 6

Question 4

What area of the brain is the frontal eye field and also plays a role in eye movement?

Answer 4

Brodman 8

Question 5

What area of the brain controls the anterior cingulate gurus and drives emotions and related facial expressions?

Answer 5

Brodman 24

Question 6

What area of the brain is Broca’s area that’s involved in speech?

Answer 6

Brodman 44 and 45

Question 7

What part of the brain picks the path that you want to take toward an object?

Answer 7

Basal ganglia

Question 8

What areas of the brain do not actually initiate movement but work to plan and smooth movement?

Answer 8

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 9

What is the anticipatory use of sensory information to prepare movement?

Answer 9

Feedforward

Question 10

Where do movements begin in the brain?

Answer 10

In the anterior part of the frontal lobe (association cortex)

Question 11

What are the 3 steps in the process of movement?

Answer 11

Strategy Development
Tactical Decision
Execution

Question 12

What is the use of sensory information during or after movement to make corrections either to the ongoing movement of to future movements?

Answer 12

Feedback

Question 13

What transmits signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting the contraction of muscle fibers that move to upper limbs and fingers?

Answer 13

Lower motor neurons

Question 14

What tracts deliver signals to the spinal inter neurons and LMN’s?

Answer 14

Upper motor neuron tracts

Question 15

What structures are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and are the focal paint of motor control?

Answer 15

Lower motor neurons

Question 16

What is the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates?

Answer 16

Motor units

Question 17

What are all of the motor neurons that innervate a single muscle?

Answer 17

Motor neuron pools

Question 18

The ___ fibers per motor units a muscle has, the ___ more control you have over it.

Answer 18

Less; more

Question 19

What are motor neurons increasing the frequency of action potentials to increase the force the muscle generates?

Answer 19

Rate coding

Question 20

What are the 3 types of motor units?

Answer 20

Slow, fast fatigue-resistant, fast fatigable

Question 21

What type of motor unit is “red meat”, aerobic, myoglobin rich, has many mitochondria, dense capillaries, and small MN’s?

Answer 21

Slow

Question 22

What type of motor units have intermediate characteristics and medium MN’s?

Answer 22

Fast fatigue resistant

Question 23

What type of motor units are “white meat”, anaerobic, have few mitochondria, glycogen stores convert to lactic acid and have large MN’s?

Answer 23

Fast fatiguable

Question 24

What is the order in which motor units are recruited?

Answer 24

Slow (s), fast fatigue resistant (FR), fast fatiguable (FF).

Question 25

What MN pools control the trunk?

Answer 25

Medial

Question 26

What MN pools control the distal muscles?

Answer 26

Lateral

Question 27

What MN pools activate the extensors?

Answer 27

Anterior

Question 28

What MN pools activate the flexors?

Answer 28

Posterior

Question 29

What are all the muscles a spinal nerve innnervate, and what are they useful for?

Answer 29

Myotome; functional testing

Question 30

What local interneurons supply LMN of the axial muscles and extend several spinal segments?

Answer 30

Medial

Question 31

What local interneurons extend ipsillaterally and provide fine and differential control of extremity on 1 side?

Answer 31

Lateral

Question 32

Nerves Cross in the ___ commissure terminate bilaterally?

Answer 32

Ventral

Question 33

Activity of the motor units depends on the convergence of information from what 3 sources?

Answer 33

Descending tracts Cord interneurons Peripheral sensory receptors

Question 34

Connections in the cord help coordinate movement in what 4 ways to produce smooth movements?

Answer 34

Reciprocal inhibition Muscle synergist activation Proprioceptive input regulation Pattern generation

Question 35

What is it called what’s interneurons link motor neurons into functional groups that simultaneously inhibit the antagonist muscle during the contraction of the prime mover?

Answer 35

Reciprocal inhibition

Question 36

What is it called when we eat and use finer and elbow flexion/supination to bring food to our mouth?

Answer 36

Muscle synergies

Question 37

What is used to plan and adapt movements like correcting your arm to hit a ball in flight?

Answer 37

Schema

Question 38

What are networks of interneurons that activate LMN to elicit alternate flexion and extension of the hips and knees?

Answer 38

Stepping pattern generators (SPG)

Question 39

What is necessary to activate SPG and for postural control and dorsiflexion during walking?

Answer 39

Cortical control

Question 40

What are involuntary stereotyped reactions to specific stimuli?

Answer 40

Reflexes

Question 41

What type of action does not need brain input but are regulated by the brain adjusting the background excitability of the interneurons and LMN?

Answer 41

Reflexes

Question 42

What type of stretch reflex is brief in response like a muscle stretch or deep tendon?

Answer 42

Phasic

Question 43

What type of stretch reflex is prolonged and only present in an UMN lesion?

Answer 43

Tonic

Question 44

What is caused by the spindle fiber receptors stimulating interneurons in the cord which then stimulates LMN.

Answer 44

Tonic response

Question 45

What is a complex reflex arc used to withdraw a limb from aversive stimulus?

Answer 45

Flexor reflex

Question 46

What are some signs of a LMN damage?

Answer 46

Loss of reflexes Atrophy Flaccid paralysis Fibrillations

Question 47

What is it called when stimulation of the sensory receptors are not transmitted to the muscle

Answer 47

Hyporeflexia

Question 48

What is the absence of voluntary contraction?

Answer 48

Paralysis

Question 49

What is muscle weakness due to partial loss of voluntary contraction?

Answer 49

Paresis

Question 50

How does polio cause flaccid paralysis?

Answer 50

The virus damages the LMN

Question 51

What are quick twitches of a single motor unit that are visible on the skin?

Answer 51

Fasciculations

Question 52

What is it called when an eyelid twitches from anxiety?

Answer 52

Fasciculations

Question 53

What is a brief contraction of the muscle fibers that is not visible on the skin?

Answer 53

Fibrillations