Urban Futures

Question 1

Define ‘urbanisation’

Answer 1

Growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities

Question 2

Which continent has the lowest urban population?

Answer 2

Africa

Question 3

Which countries have the highest rates of urbanisation?

Answer 3

ACs + many countries in S America, Saudi Arabia, Libya

Question 4

In which parts of the world is urbanisation happening most rapidly?

Answer 4

LIDCs and EDCs especially in Africa and Asia

Question 5

Define the term ‘megacity’ and give an example

Answer 5

A city with a population over 10 million people; Tokyo

Question 6

State two factors that may lead to the development of a megacity

Answer 6

Coastal location and economic development, migration and natural population increase

Question 7

Define the term ‘world city’ and give an example

Answer 7

One of the most important cities in the global economy; London

Question 8

Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused rapid urbanisation

Answer 8

Inventions such as the steam engine allowed manufacturing to take place on a large scale in factories. As factories were built in towns and cities people migrated from surrounding rural areas in large numbers

Question 9

Identify four of Newcastle upon Tyne’s functions

Answer 9

Residential, transport hub, market, employment, administration, entertainment, religion, culture, defence (in the past)

Question 10

What are the two causes of population growth in many of Africa’s cities?

Answer 10

Rural-urban migration and internal growth

Question 11

Explain two push factors that cause people to move to cities from rural areas in Africa

Answer 11

• Limited access to healthcare and education in rural areas so people move to urban areas where there are more clinics, hospitals and schools
• Natural disasters could destroy peoples homes and livelihoods forcing them to move to urban areas to find work and shelter

Question 12

Describe the characteristics of squatter settlements

Answer 12

Crowded; inadequate housing; poor living conditions; inadequate water supply and sanitation; no waste collection; no roads or street lighting

Question 13

Explain two reasons why slums grow in many cities

Answer 13

• Migrants arrive in such numbers that there is inadequate housing and so people have to construct their own shelter on any available land
• Lack of money or poor organisation in cities mean that house building cannot keep pace with demand

Question 14

State two hazards of living in a squatter settlement

Answer 14

• Poor sanitation and overcrowding increase the risk of disease
• Construction of poorly-built shacks on steep slopes increases the risk of collapse in earthquakes and landslides

Question 15

Define the term ‘suburbanisation’

Answer 15

Process by which suburbs grow as a city expands outwards

Question 16

What were the causes of suburbanisation?

Answer 16

High population density, congestion and pollution in city centres
Cheaper land and house prices further from the city centre
Perception that quality of life is better closer to the countryside

Question 17

Define the term ‘counter-urbanisation

Answer 17

Movement of people out of cities into the countryside and smaller towns

Question 18

What are the causes of counter-urbanisation?

Answer 18

Cities went into decline and some people, who could afford to, moved to rural areas
Older people retire to rural areas
Perception that quality of life is better in the countryside

Question 19

Define the term ‘re-urbanisation’

Answer 19

Process of people moving back into city centres

Question 20

Explain the link between urban regeneration and re-urbanisation (Newcastle)

Answer 20

Regeneration has improved the quality of life and the quality of the environment in older areas of cities
Derelict land and buildings have been improved and brought back into use, often by the construction of new homes and investment in new jobs
These factors have encouraged people to move back to city areas such as Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside and Ouseburn areas

Question 21

What is the purpose of ‘green belts’ in the UK?

Answer 21

To restrict development on the edges of built-up areas and stop urban sprawl

Question 22

Describe two opportunities that may be created by urbanisation

Answer 22

Better quality of life; longer life expectancy; more employment opportunities; efficient use of land and centralisation of service make cities more sustainable; squatter settlements provide housing for workers that can be improved over time

Question 23

Describe two challenges that may be created by urbanisation

Answer 23

Inequality, segregation, slums, overpopulation, environmental damage

Question 24

Describe the location of Istanbul

Answer 24

Western Turkey. Part of the city is in Europe, part is in Asia. Two parts are separated by the Bosphorus, a strait that connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean

Question 25

Explain the city’s regional, national and international importance (Istanbul)

Answer 25

International: major centre for global trade; city controls passage of ships through Bosphorus; historically important as capital of Byzantine, Roman and Ottoman empires at different times; World Heritage Site; visited by millions of international tourists National: largest city in Turkey; generates almost half of the country’s wealth Regional: major centre of housing and employment in western Turkey

Question 26

How is migration changing the city’s growth and character? (Istanbul)

Answer 26

City’s population grew from 1 million to almost 15 million from 1950 to 2015. Most of this growth was caused by national migration. Very little international migration City is home to most of Turkey’s ethnic minorities; only 25% of city’s population were born there; largest Kurdish population in the world City is very ethnically and culturally diverse

Question 27

Describe people’s way of life in one area of the city (Istanbul)

Answer 27

Beyoglu - inner suburb on edge of city’s historic core Was an old, run-down area; buildings have been improved and there are a lot of new houses, offices and hotels Young, wealthy people have moved into the area and transformed it by improving the homes - gentrification Attracted by cheap property prices and close proximity to employment opportunities and shops, services and entertainment in the historic core

Question 28

State two contemporary challenges that affect life in the city (Istanbul)

Answer 28

Squatter settlements Traffic congestion

Question 29

Explain one of the challenges relating to housing that occur in this city (Istanbul)

Answer 29

Severe lack of housing in city so recent migrants forced to build squatter settlements (gecekondu) on vacant land or on edge of city. In some area large older buildings were extended and converted into blocks of cheap apartments. These areas are poorly constructed and so vulnerable to damage in earthquakes. There are few services and little infrastructure so quality of life here is poor

Question 30

Explain one of the challenges relating to transport or waste disposal that occur in this city (Istanbul)

Answer 30

One of the most congested cities in the world. City’s location spread out along the coast over a distance of over 80 km makes it difficult to travel across the city. There are only a few bridges, tunnels and ferries across the Bosphorus. Congestion increases journey times making commuting and deliveries time-consuming and expensive. Air pollution is very high

Question 31

Describe one attempt to make the city more sustainable (Istanbul)

Answer 31

In Esenler, squatter settlements are being redeveloped. They are being replaced with modern high-rise apartments with more space in between. People benefit from better quality housing with all services provided. The quality of the environments has also improved as there is more green space and opportunities for recreation

Question 32

Describe the location of Newcastle Upon Tyne

Answer 32

In North-East England on the north side of the River Tyne

Question 33

Explain the city’s regional, national and international importance (Newcastle)

Answer 33

International: important transport hub (airport, ferry, port), internationally important institutions (two universities), visited by many international tourists and students National: important centre for health care and research (multiple hospitals and Centre for Life), major mainline railway station and connected to Great North Road (A1) Regional: largest city in North-East, wide range of job opportunities, services, shops and entertainment facilities

Question 34

How is migration changing the city’s growth and character? (Newcastle)

Answer 34

International migration adds to city’s cultural diversity; distinctive areas in city such as Chinatown and South Asian community in Wingrove / West Road area - mosques and hindu temples have sprung up. National migration: large numbers (48,000) of students study in Newcastle producing a very large youthful population; areas such as Jesmond have very large numbers of student rental properties and are affected by the student night-time economy. New student flats built on inner city Brownfield sites near St James’ Park have changed the character of the inner city area from industrial to residential

Question 35

Describe people’s way of life in one area of the city (Newcastle)

Answer 35

Wingrove is an area in the inner suburbs which has a very ethnically and culturally diverse community. It has a large South Asian community particularly of people of Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnicity. Many other groups are also present including Eastern Europeans. The area has a large amount of cheaper rented properties (nearly 50% of people live in these) which is attractive to recent migrants, students and people on low incomes. The area has a wide variety of shops and services catering for the needs of different communities

Question 36

State two contemporary challenges that affect life in the city (Newcastle)

Answer 36

Housing provision for students Traffic congestion

Question 37

Explain one of the challenges relating to housing that occur in this city (Newcastle)

Answer 37

A large amount of student housing is needed to accommodate students at Newcastle and Northumbria Universities. Areas such as Jesmond have suffered because many streets have become almost completely occupied by student lets which has resulted in poorer housing and environmental quality. Other residents are disturbed by students and complain of poor behaviour, littering and lack of concern for the local community and environment. Modern student halls of residence have been built in the Ouseburn / Quayside area of the city, more are planned for the Leazes park area. However, these are very expensive to rent

Question 38

Explain one of the challenges relating to transport or waste disposal that occur in this city (Newcastle)

Answer 38

As city’s population has grown, more people are using the roads and there is more congestion. Major schemes such as improvements to the Western Bypass, construction of the second Tyne tunnel and refurbishment of the Tyne Bridge have restricted movement of traffic across the river and caused much congestion in and around the city

Question 39

Describe one attempt to make the city more sustainable (Newcastle)

Answer 39

Sustainable transport schemes - Neuron scooters, Co-Club car scheme, improved cycle lanes, pedestrianised streets in city centre. Investment in new bus stations and low-emission vehicles. Investment in Metro system - improved stations and new fleet of trains

Question 40

Define the term ‘gentrification’

Answer 40

Improvement of areas, leading to the influx of wealthier people to replace poorer residents