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Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

An increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities

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2
Q

Why are cities growing?

A

1) rural-urban migration
2) natural increase
(birth rate > death rate)
More babies surviving infancy

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3
Q

Urbanisation rate, order fastest to slowest:
HICs
LICs
NEEs

A

NEEs (China/ Brazil)
LICs (Kenya/Uganda)
HICs (U.K./Spain)

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4
Q

Describe the location of Lagos

A

Lagos is located in the south-west of Nigeria, on the coast of Gulf of Guinea

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5
Q

Describe the location of Nigeria

A

Nigeria is in the west coast of Africa, bordered by Cameroon, Niger, Chad and Benin

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6
Q

What is the population of Lagos?

A

Approximately 14 million people. It’s a megacity

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7
Q

What is the international importance of Lagos?

A

International airport ➡️ global trade
4th largest economy in Africa
Microsoft and IBM are TNCs and make thousands of jobs
Nollywood- 2nd biggest film industry

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8
Q

What is the National importance of Lagos?

A

1/3 of Nigeria’s GDP
Lots of TNCs are based there
Important National government buildings e.g central bank of Nigeria

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9
Q

What is the Regional importance of Lagos?

A

Lots of people migrate to Lagos from the North because
1) terrorist activity in the north (Boko Haram)
2) difficult to grow crops in north

Major centre for trade
Lots of services

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10
Q

What is an economical opportunity in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Wages are 4* higher compared to nearby rural areas
There are a lot of skilled jobs in construction in the city, such as building the Eko-Atlantic commercial and business centre
Nollywood make $3bn in 2018 and is second biggest film industry

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11
Q

What is an environmental opportunity in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Encouraged solar energy companies open in the city like Solarcity Nigeria and Solar Wizard Nigeria Ltd

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12
Q

What is a social opportunity in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Lagos uses 40% of the whole country’s energy supply. People have good access to electricity
Healthcare services are much better in the city than in rural Nigeria

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13
Q

What is an economical challenge in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Crime rates are high in slums like Makoko. Gangs called ‘Area boys’ patrol but commit crimes themselves and the police can’t cope

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14
Q

What is an environmental challenge in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Lagos produces 40 tonnes of waste a day and only 40% is collected by government
Traffic is a major problem in Lagos, with people being stuck in 2 hour hand which create severe air population

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15
Q

What is a social challenge in Lagos? Use double development.

A

Poor people cannot afford healthcare
Only 40% of Lagos is connected to the official water supply

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16
Q

What is an social challenge in Lagos? Think about the Makoko Squatter Settlements. Use double development.

A

Lack of access to clean water- only available 2 hours
Only 7% have legal rights to land
Vulnerable to sea level change and flooding

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17
Q

Where are the Makoko settlements?

A

Located in eastern Lagos

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18
Q

Draw Nigeria

A

Search up answer

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19
Q

What are some traffic problems in Lagos?

A

Up to 2 hours if traffic a day
Really crowded
Traffic congestion-> pm
Paratransits are the informal transport system

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20
Q

What are some problems with paratransits?

A

They are informal transport systems, they have irregular schedules, which leads to overcrowding, which means there are safety concerns, so they aren’t efficient
They’re not well maintained, which means breakdowns can happen. Furthermore the operators might be unlicensed.

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21
Q

What is the urban planning scheme in Lagos?

A

The Light Rail Project

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22
Q

When was the light rail project proposed?

A

2003

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23
Q

When did the light rail project started?

A

2009

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24
Q

What were the aims of the light rail project?

A

Maybe Lagos richer
Improve transport links
Better quality of life
Reduce traffic congestion + congestion

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25
What was a social opportunity created by the light rail project? Double develop.
Some skilled jobs in project management and engineering have been created. Journey time for hundreds and thousands of commuters will be reduced Affordable- find jobs in the city-
26
What was an environmental opportunity created by the light rail project? Double develop.
Electric trains reduce co2 emissions Reduces traffic congestion
27
What was a challenge created by the light rail project? Double develop.
Companies managing the contract were based overseas-Chinese contractors Project cost 1bn and delivered nothing after 13 years-could’ve been better spent e.g.
28
What was an economical opportunity created by the light rail project? Double develop.
Hundreds of unskilled jobs in construction were created
29
What is the population of the U.K.?
66 million
30
Where are most of the cities in the U.K.?
Flat areas and coasts.
31
What is the Capital of U.K.?
London
32
What is the capital of Nigeria?
Abuja
33
Where is Liverpool? (About 2-3 points)
North-west if England, on the mouth of the river Mersey, which means it is connected to the Irish Sea and close to Wales.
34
What is the international important of Liverpool? Develop
Liverpool John Lennon airport is the 12th busiest airport in the U.K.➡️connects Liverpool to Europe and USA Liverpool Albert docks are on the river Mersey ➡️Allows imports and exports on global scale Liverpool university is ranked in the top 200 universities in the world. ➡️ attracts students from across U.K. and the world Beatles are a really important band in history➡️inspires musicians in U.K. and worldwide
35
What is the National important of Liverpool? Develop
Liverpool university is ranked in the top 200 universities in the world. ➡️ attracts students from across U.K. and the world Beatles are a really important band in history➡️inspires musicians in U.K. and worldwide
36
Where did immigrants arrive into Liverpool from (2 places)
Wales- late 1700s attracted by de eloping industry and work on railways and canals Ireland- 1845 potato famine. By 1859, over 20% of population was Irish.
37
How did migration affect Liverpool?
The distinctive “scouse” accent was created by combining accents of Welsh and Irish people
38
Liverpool had Europe’s first _______ _____. Develop its international importance
China town, brings cities culture to city, people all over the world can visit
39
What are some features of CBDs?
Business, retail, public buildings, commercial, Expensive land Packed together ➡️ less green space
40
What are some features of inner cities?
Small terraced housing, risk of dereliction and urban Decline Residential Grid iron
41
What are some features of the suburbs?
Residential, large housing ➡️ gardens and driveways Expensive houses, affluent people Better QoL
42
What are some features of the rural-urban fringe?
Mixed land use: commercial, residential, “light” industry Outskirts of city, urban sprawl, cheap land, loads of space
43
Order the zones of the Burgess model, in to outwards. (4)
CBD-central business district Inner city Suburbs Rural-urban fringe
44
Where is urbanisation?
Countryside to inner city (poor can only afford this)
45
Where is suburbanisation?
Inner city to suburbs Afford bigger houses Starting a family
46
Where is counter-urbanisation?
Urban to rural areas/fringe Commute to work or work from home
47
What is regeneration?
Improving areas in CBD and inner city so rich people move back in, expensive work
48
What is deindustrialisation?
Manufacturing and factories moved away from city (1970+1980s), urban decline in CBD and inner city areas
49
What is an economical opportunity in Liverpool? Use double development.
Liverpool 2 opened 2006 and has created over 5000 jobs Development in ‘Baltic triangle’ has brought many new creative industries (e.g film and digital)
50
What is an environmental opportunity in Liverpool? Use double development.
City planners are forced to create green spaces (urban greening) when building regeneration areas. Chavasse Park is part to Liverpool 1 development Integrated transport system which links busses, trains and ferries to make travel easier Walrus card
51
What is a social opportunity in Liverpool? Use double development.
The Echo arena and concert venue was built on a brownfield site and provides lots of leisure opportunities High profile acts Attracted 7 million since it opened
52
What are some features of an out-of-town development?
Lots of space Businesses build here-warehouses Commercial/retail
53
Name an out-of-town development
Knowsley business park
54
What are some features of a large housing estate?
Greenfield sites, lots of space Habitats destroyed, Large detached housing Residential Suburbanisation
55
Name a large housing estate:
Croxteth Park
56
What are some features of a Commuter Settlement?
Rich people buy housing here Pushed up house pricing Commute to work More traffic Counter-urbanisation
57
Name a Commuter settlement
Aughton “Dormitory village”
58
What is a social challenge in Liverpool? Use double development.
Life expectancy in Toxteth is 15 years lower than St Helens which is a more affluent and healthier area
59
What is an economical challenge in Liverpool? Use double development.
Factories closing in Toxteth and Anfield, one of the most deprived in England
60
What is an environmental challenge in Liverpool? Use double development.
Growing suburbs around Knowsley are turning rural areas in urban areas Urban sprawl
61
When was the Anfield regeneration project started?
2012
62
What is an economical opportunity in Liverpool of the Anfield regeneration project? Use double development.
Creating a new high street and encouraging local independent businesses to move in
63
What is a social opportunity in Liverpool of the Anfield regeneration project? Use double development.
Creating a new high street and encouraging local independent businesses to move in Building 600 new homes
64
What is an environmental opportunity in Liverpool of the Anfield regeneration project? Use double development.
Planted lots of plants in Stanfield Park and cleared rubbish
65
Name a water conservation scheme. Double development
“Grey water” is recycled water which has already been used Collecting rainwater in gardens
66
Name a energy conservation scheme. Double development
Encouraging people to reduce car use and instead use public transport, cycle or walk Getting people to make their houses more energy efficient (solar panels, double glazed windows)
67
Name a benefit of creating green spaces. Double development
Encourage exercise + using bikes Reduce air pollution (absorb co2 catch pm)
68
Name a waste recycling scheme. Double development
Recycling facilities for larger items (TVs, fridges)
69
Name a water management scheme in Eddington (double develop)
Eddington is a SUDS (sustainable urban drainage system), this channels rainwater to connect it to lakes and reduce risk of flooding.
70
Name a energy management scheme in Eddington (double develop)
Cars are discouraged as there is minimal parking on site. Buildings use solar energy (panels) and centralised heating network
71
Name a waste management scheme in Eddington (double develop)
Underground chutes replace wheelie bins. Collection company only comes when needs emptying, reducing runs, reducing fossil fuel use, reducing carbon emissions
72
Name a way Eddington is sustainable-green spaces(double develop)
SUDS recreate natural wildlife habitats with a naturally flowing river
73
What kind of neighbourhood is Eddington? What does this mean?
It’s a 20 minute neighbourhood All basic needs are within 20 minute walk away Encourages walking and cycling Regular bus service
74
What are some impacts of traffic?
Air pollution-health-cancer/stroke/heart attack Smog-low visibility-more traffic accidents Congestion-longer journeys-cost-lost time-lost productivity-increased stress GhG emmited- CO2- climate change
75
How is London managing transport sustainably? Double develop
-public transport faster (new underground lines (endanger line, bus lanes) -linking together different types of transports (integrated transport system-oyster card) -making public transport cheaper Bikes-self service bikes available to hire-bike lanes
76
How do you manage the flow of traffic?
Congestion charges-discourage coming at peak times-ultra low emission zones Ring roads, pedestrian shopping streets-traffic away-Safer, less polluted, preventing congestion Bus priority lanes-attractive

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