Urbanisation-growing population

Question 1

Define urban

Answer 1

Cities and towns, more people employed in manufacturing, larger area, larger population and building density

Question 2

Define urbanisation

Answer 2

An increase in the percentage of a country’s population living in towns or cities

Question 3

Define urbanisation level

Answer 3

The percentage of a countries population living in towns or cities

Question 4

Define urbanisation rate

Answer 4

The speed at which a country’s level of urbanisation is increasing

Question 5

Where are the highest levels of urbanisation found and why

Answer 5

In developed regions of the world such as North America-USA, Western Europe-UK, and Oceania-New Zealand. More developed countries have economies based arouybnd manufacturing and services which are based in urban areas. This menas a high proportion of developed countries population are attracted to living in towns and cities

Question 6

Where are the lowest levels of urbanisation found and why

Answer 6

In developing or emerging regions of the world such as south and Southeast Asia e.g India, much of sub Saharan Africa e.g Dr Congo. Developing and emerging countries have economies based around agriculture so have a higher proportion of people living in rural areas

Question 7

How does physical geography influence levels of urbanisation

Answer 7

For example Iceland, so much of the country is inhabitable that people are forced to concentrate themselves in towns or cities meaning they have a higher level of urbanisation

Question 8

How does the size of a country influence levels of urbanisation

Answer 8

For example, Singapore is very small, only 700km, meaning it has urbanisation levels of 100% and is completely built up

Question 9

Where are rates of urbanisation lowest and why

Answer 9

In developed countries such as USA, UK, New Zealand. This bis because they have high levels of urbanisation meaning if most of the population already lives in towns or cities it is hard to increase much or fast from this level

Question 10

What is the urbanisation pathway

Answer 10

Stage1:early urbanisation-developing countries
Stage 2: accelerating urbanisation-emerging countries
Stage 3: mature urbanisation-developed countries
Stage 4: counter urbanisation-developed countries

Question 11

What was the world rural population in 1950

Answer 11

1.8 billion

Question 12

What was the world urban population in 1950

Answer 12

0.8 billion

Question 13

What was the world urban population in 2020

Answer 13

4.4 billion

Question 14

What is the type of growth ont eh urbanisation pathway called

Answer 14

Exponential growth

Question 15

How is rural-urban migration a reason for urbanisation

Answer 15

The movement from the countryside to towns and cities. This is because if push factors and pull factors

Question 16

What are push factors

Answer 16

Negative characteristics of the source area that drives migrants away

Question 17

What are pull factors

Answer 17

Positive characteristics of the destination area that attract migrants

Question 18

How is natural increase a reason for urbanisation

Answer 18

Occurs when more babies are being born than dying increasing the population. Many cities in emerging and developing countries have high rates of natural increase as they are home to many young adults. Migrants tend to be young adults looking for employment or education.

Question 19

How is economic development a reason for urbanisation

Answer 19

As countries develop economically, the shift from agricultural to a manufacturing or service based economy creates new jobs in urban areas stimulation rural to urban migration. Governments of developing and emerging countries may concentrate on economic development in big cities attracting migrants

Question 20

Define agglomeration

Answer 20

The concentration of people and economic activities in favourable locations such as river crossing points

Question 21

Define suburbanisation

Answer 21

The rapid spatial expansion of a city into the surrounding countryside due to the construction of large areas of low density residential development.

Question 22

Why does suburbanisation happen

Answer 22

Economic development such as improvements in public transport as people can live further away from their work in a city.

Question 23

What is urban sprawl

Answer 23

When a city expands out into surrounding rural areas

Question 24

What leads to urban sprawl

Answer 24

Suburbanisation

Question 25

What are conurbations

Answer 25

Neighbouring urban centres merging together to form a larger urban area

Question 26

What is commuting

Answer 26

People who live in the suburbs travelling to their job in the city centre by car or public transport

Question 27

Define counter urbanisation

Answer 27

The movement out from cities and urban areas into more distant rural areas. Can be motivated for a desire of a higher quality of life and population reduction

Question 28

What is urban regeneration

Answer 28

Re-using areas in old parts of the cities left abandoned as people move out to the suburbs and beyond. Eg London docklands

Question 29

What is urban rebranding

Answer 29

Giving urban areas a new public image and role within the city

Question 30

What is urbanisation of the suburbs

Answer 30

Due to stopping the urban sprawl with the green belt, large houses are split into multiple flats and new houses may be built in gardens. This creates inner urban zones

Question 31

Define millionaire city

Answer 31

A city with a population of one million or greater

Question 32

Define mega city

Answer 32

A city with a population of ten million

Question 33

Define global city

Answer 33

A city which is recognised as a place of great prestige, status, power and influence

Question 34

What we’re the four mega cities in 1970

Answer 34

Tokyo-developed-23.3 New York-developed16.2 Osaka-developed 15.3 Mexico City-developing 11

Question 35

What we’re the four largest mega cities in 2020

Answer 35

Tokyo-developed-37.3 Delhi-emerging-30.3 Shanghai-emerging-27 Sao Paulo-emerging-22

Question 36

How many mega cities we’re there in 2020

Answer 36

33

Question 37

Which continents we’re home to mega cities in 1970

Answer 37

Asia, North America

Question 38

Which continent was home to most mega cities in 2020

Answer 38

Asia

Question 39

What we’re most megacities in 1970

Answer 39

Developed

Question 40

What we’re most megacities in 2020

Answer 40

Emerging

Question 41

What we’re the key changes from megacities in 1970

Answer 41

-there are more megacities -megacities are growing larger in population -megacities used to be more common in developed countries but now occurs mainly in emerging

Question 42

How is economic developed affected the growth of megacities

Answer 42

As countries develop economically there is a shift in economic activity from rural based primary industries such as agriculture to urban based secondary (manufacturing) and tertiary (services) industries. This is why there is a predominance of megacities in emerging countries due to rapid industrialisation.

Question 43

How does population growth affect the growth of megacities

Answer 43

Economic development needs an increasing supply of labour which can be met through rural to urban migration with people moving to the cities attracted by the prospects of better jobs and quality of life. Most migrants are young adults which means megacities have high rates of natural increase further increasing the population

Question 44

How do economies of scale affect the growth of megacities

Answer 44

There are advantage of cramming as many people as possible into one mega city rather than spreading it out across a number of smaller cities. Some distances within a mega city are smaller than distances between smaller cities. This means financial savings as transport is cheaper and places can share the same infrastructure meaning it doesn’t have to be installed multiple time

Question 45

How does the multiplier effect affect the growth of megacities

Answer 45

Once a large city is prospering it gathers a momentum which carries it forward leading to more growth. The cycle is: Population growth—>more demand for goods and services—>more jobs created—>rural-urban migration—>population growth and it repeats

Question 46

What are the 4 advantages of megacities

Answer 46

-possibility of increased wealth and better quality of life -possibility of greater profits for businesses -economic development of city -increased participation in the global economy

Question 47

What are 4 disadvantages of megacities

Answer 47

-pressure on accommodation leads to shanty towns in emerging/developing and increased prices in developed -pressure on healthcare and education services -not enough jobs in the formal sector leading to growth of informal sector -increased traffic congestion and pollution

Question 48

How is housing a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 48

When migrants arrive from rural areas and small towns there is not enough accommodation for them especially for a low cost. Millions therefore live in shanty towns. Even for richer people housing is verity expensive compared to wages

Question 49

What is a shanty town

Answer 49

Informal, unplanned squatter settlements; residents dont own the land that they build on and dwellings are constructed from temporary materials. These are crowded, unsanitary and there is a lack of basic amenities

Question 50

How is access to water and electricity a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 50

The provision of basic services cannot keep up with the growing population meaning not all parts of the urban will be provided with running water or electricity. This means people rely on fires for cooking and streams for water and sewage

Question 51

How is traffic congestion and transport a problem of rapid urbanisation

Answer 51

The provision or proper roads and public transport lags behind population growth. Transports systems therefore become overloaded and crowded. Lots of traffic congestion and vehicles creates high levels of atmospheric pollution

Question 52

How is health a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 52

There are not enough doctors, clinics and hospitals to deal with the rapid increase in population. Large parts of cities have no access to clean water or sanitation meaning diseases and infections spread quickly. Atmospheric pollution leads to respiratory problems and diseases

Question 53

How is education a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 53

School provision has not kept pace with population growth. Most cities provide primary education but not all children go to secondary school. This is due to cost and because many children may have to work to support families

Question 54

How is employment a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 54

Most rural-urban migrants come to the city looking for work however the amount of migrants is far greater than the jobs available. Many people must therefore resort to work in the informal sector often selling things on the streets or offering services. Work in the informal sector lacks security

Question 55

How are crimes and social problems a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 55

Many cities in developing and emerging countries suffer from high crime rates with murder, rape and robbery being the most common. The poorest shanty towns are often controlled by violent gangs

Question 56

How are environmental issues a problem with rapid urbanisation

Answer 56

Traffic, industry and housing are among the worst polluters of water and air in rapidly growing cities. Huge volumes of waste are produced, and the waste management is not developed well enough to cope meaning waste ends up in landfill on the street. Deforestation may be cause by migrants illegally clearing land to build shanty towns. Urban sprawl causes environmental degradation in surrounding countryside.