urchin/mussel

Question 1

what are the three species of urchin?

Answer 1

franciscanus, purpuratus, droebachiensis

Question 2

who said ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’, what does it explain?

Answer 2

Ernst Haeckel, 1834

-the similarities between humans and other animals

Question 3

what is ontogeny

Answer 3

the origin and development of an individual organism from embryo to adult

Question 4

what is phylogeny

Answer 4

the evolutionary history of a species

Question 5

name some protostomes.

• what sort of cleavage?
• blastopore=

Answer 5

mollusks, annelids, arthropods

• spiral
• blastopore=mouth

Question 6

name some deuterostomes

• what sort of cleavage?
• blastopore=

Answer 6

-echinoderms, chordates
-radial
-anus
anus

Question 7

what sort of spawners are urchins?

Answer 7

broadcast

Question 8

urchin= meiotic or mitotic development?

Answer 8

meiotic

Question 9

when do urchin spawn?

Answer 9

when the conditions are right:

• temp
• food
• sperm

Question 10

chemotaxis

Answer 10

the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus (ie: urchin spawning)

Question 11

cortical granule reaction

Answer 11

the slow block of an urchin’s egg from sperm, prevents polyspermy

Question 12

how many cells develop in the blastula of an urchin?

Answer 12

128

Question 13

what is gastrulation?

Answer 13

when the cells devide into the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Question 14

name the stages from an egg to a pleuteus urchin larvae?

Answer 14

egg, zygote, celled (2,4, 8, etc), blastula, gastrula, prism (starts to feed), early pluteus (4 arm), 6 arm, 8 arm

Question 15

what time of year would you collect your Mytilus broodstock?

Answer 15

April-May for protected waters, pacific coast in fall and winter

Question 16

what sort of spawners are mytilus? what type of morphism? meiotic or mitotic?

Answer 16

broadcast
externally monomorphic
meiosis

Question 17

name ways of inducing spawning for mussels

Answer 17

• temp shocks (7C-18C)
• micro algae
• pH modification
• pegs
• pricking posterior adductor
• KCI
• shaking
• sperm
• ripping byssal threads
• aeration

Question 18

describe a mussel’s oocyte

Answer 18

dark, uniform, clean, sharp contour

Question 19

why do you filter the female mussel eggs before spawning?

Answer 19

to ensure dissociation for spawning

Question 20

what should the egg:sperm ratio be for mytilus? why?

Answer 20

1 egg for 10 sperm.

prevent polyspermy

Question 21

how do you know that fertilization was successful for mytilus?

Answer 21

a fertilization envelope develops

Question 22

after how many hours does mytilus reach gastrulation?

Answer 22

10

Question 23

describe a pediveliger

Answer 23

• large velum for feeding/swimming
• ciliated palp for sorting food
• gill fillaments
• mouth, esophagus, stomach, etc
• thin mantle that secretes shell
• foot, byssus secretion
• sensory pigment spots

Question 24

why does mytilus make good aquaculture?

Answer 24

• high fercudity
• free swimming larvae
• fast growth
• low predation/disease
• byssus

Question 25

name the four species of mussels

Answer 25

Mytilus
-trossulus
-galloprovincialis (Mediterranean)
-edulis
Perna
-canaliculus

Question 26

how are galloprovincialis different rom edulis?

Answer 26

• umbos turned downward
• basal line of shell concave
• valves are higher and less angular on the upper margin
• mantle edge darker

Question 27

galloprovincialis:

• range of salinity
• range of temperature
• time to maturity

Answer 27

4-8-36ppt
15-20-29*C
12-18months

Question 28

where is the green shelled mussel endemic to?

Answer 28

new Zealand.

Perna canaliculus

Question 29

name five different methods of culturing mussels

Answer 29

• spat catching rope (looks like long line between floats)
• on bottom (on rocks, substrate, etc)
• bouchots (4-7m long posts, wrap around it longitudinaly)
• long line culture
• raft culture

Question 30

what province is responsible for most of Canada’s mussel production?

Answer 30

PEI, 72%

Question 31

what are different settling structures for commercial mussels?

Answer 31

• mesh socks
• attached to ropes
• anchored to a buoy
• subtidal

Question 32

how long does it take mussels to reach market?

Answer 32

18months-3years

Question 33

why are mussels good for aquaculture?

Answer 33

• sustainable
• filter feeders
• vegetarians