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Biol exam 3 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

1) True or False: Extracellular fluid includes interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

2) What is the most abundant waste product of metabolism?

A

carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

4) What is the process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual?

A

urinary excretion.

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4
Q

5) What body systems dispose of a type of waste directly to the environment?

A

digestive system, respiratory system, integumentary system, urinary system

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5
Q

6 ) The most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of what type of molelcules?

A

proteins

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6
Q

7 ) What solutes would be voided from the vertebrate body under normal conditions?

A

nutrients, ammonia, urea, carbon dioxide

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7
Q

8 ) What is the subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance called?

A

nephron.

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8
Q

9 ) In the kidney, what do the collecting ducts from the nephrons empty immediately into?

A

renal pelvis.

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9
Q

10 ) What is the last portion of the excretory system through which urine passes before it is voided from the body?

A

urethra.

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10
Q

11 ) What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron.

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11
Q

12 ) Where does filtration of the blood in the kidney takes place?

A

glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule.

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12
Q

13 ) How is blood delivered to each nephron?

A

an afferent arteriole.

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13
Q

14 ) After the blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, it goes via the efferent arterioles to what kind of capillaries?

A

peritubular capillaries.

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14
Q

15 ) Filtration occurs in which section of a mammalian nephron?

A

glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

16 ) What is the process called during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport?

A

tubular secretion.

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16
Q

18 ) Where do kidney stones form?

A

renal pelvis.

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17
Q

19 ) Which of the following substances is NOT filtered from the bloodstream?

A

Plasma proteins

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18
Q

20 ) What is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules?

A

glomerular filtrate

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19
Q

21 ) What is the process of filtration in the glomerulus driven by?

A

hydrostatic pressure.

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20
Q

22) Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the __________ to the __________.

A

nephron tubules; capillaries

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21
Q

23 ) True or False: In reabsorption, nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

24 ) What amount of the fluid removed from the blood is eventually returned to the blood?

A

greater than 98 percent

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23
Q

25 ) Most of the water and sodium is reabsorbed in the ____ of each nephron.

A

proximal tubule

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24
Q

26 ) The reabsorption of solutes is the result of active transport of what substance?

A

sodium.

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25
Q

27 ) Water reabsorption into the capillaries associated with a nephron is achieved principally by what processes?

A

active transport and diffusion.

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26
Q

28 ) During reabsorption, how do sodium ions cross the proximal tubule walls into the interstitial fluid?

A

active transport.

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27
Q

29 ) Which of the following is actively transported in the proximal tubules of the kidney?

A

Sodium ions

28
Q

30 ) The longer this structure is, the greater is an animal’s capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine.

A

loop of Henle

29
Q

31 ) Which of the following features would tend to promote water retention by the kidney?

A

A long loop of henle

30
Q

32 ) How does a kidney machine removes solutes from the blood?

A

dialysis.

31
Q

33 ) What is the hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney?

A

aldosterone.

32
Q

34 ) What is the hormone that controls the concentration of urine?

A

antidiuretic hormone.

33
Q
  1. Where does the hormonal control over excretion most likely occur?
A

distal tubule.

34
Q

37 ) True or False: The antidiuretic hormone promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of urine.

A

TRUE

35
Q

38 ) In mammals, what structure governs both the thirst mechanism and the hormonal action that affects the amount of water and solutes excreted in the urine?

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

39 ) When the body has excess sodium, what happens?

A

More sodium is excreted, Edema (swelling) occurs, Blood pressure rises, Aldosterone secretion is inhibited.

37
Q

41 ) In humans, where is the thirst center located?

A

hypothalmus

38
Q

42 ) What influences the pH of the blood and extracellular fluids?

A

respiration, blood proteins, bicarbonate ions, phosphate and ammonia ions

39
Q

43 ) How does the urinary system help to maintain the extracellular fluid pH?

A

excreting hydrogen ions as water.

40
Q

44 ) What is the normal pH of the extracellular fluid of the human body?

A

7.4

41
Q

45 ) Hydrogen ions in the blood can be neutralized temporarily by what substance?

A

bicarbonate

42
Q

46 ) What is the usual upper temperature limit before proteins are denatured?

A

41°C.

43
Q

47 ) The rate of a chemical reaction is cut in half for a drop of every (degrees fahrenheit)?

A

10°F.

44
Q

48 ) What are responses to low temperature that increase the chance for survival?

A

shivering, production of brown fat, pilomotor response, increased metabolism

45
Q

49 ) Where is the primary thermostat of the body located?

A

hypothalamus.

46
Q

50 ) What are some of the initial responses to cold temperature?

A

shivering, increased respiration, shunting of the blood to the core regions of the body, increased metabolism

47
Q

51 ) What are the responses to heat stress?

A

reduction in muscle contraction, increased sweating, dilation of peripheral blood vessels, loss of salts and liquids.

48
Q

54 ) What are the functions of the nephron?

A

filtration, excretion, reabsorption, secretion

49
Q

55 ) What are the results of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion

A

water is reabsorbed in the distal tubule, fluid volume of blood increases, distal tubule and collecting duct become more permeable to water reabsorption, solute concentrations decrease in blood

50
Q

56 ) What are some responses to cold temperatures?

A

vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels, uncontrolled muscular contraction, messages sent by the thermoreceptors to the hypothalamus, increased metabolic reactions

51
Q

57 ) What are some responses of the body to heat?

A

increased sweating, decreased rate of muscle activity, increased water loss, dilation of peripheral blood vessels

52
Q

58 ) What are some responses to the loss of body heat.

A

blood routed to deeper tissues, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, increased respiration, increased metabolic rates

53
Q

59) List 5 things urinary chemical diagnostic tests can be used to measure.

A

Glucose, ketones, protein, leukocytes, nitrites

54
Q

60) What are the two fluid compartments in humans?

A

ICF, ECF

55
Q

62) List three components of the extracellular fluid.

A

Lymph, blood, tissue fluid

56
Q

63) List three sources of water we consume.

A

drinking water, water in the food we ingest, metabolic reactions

57
Q

64) List fours sources of water loss.

A

excreted in urine, evaporation from lungs/skin, sweat, feces

58
Q

65) List five function of the kidney.

A

Remove waste, balance body fluids, release hormones, convert Vit D, reabsorb materials

59
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

B) Filtration removes a large amount of fluid and solutes from the blood driven by blood pressure

60
Q

Proximal tubule

A

A) Reabsorption of water, glucose, most amino acids, some urea, most sodium and chloride ions

61
Q

Loop of Henle

A

F) Sodium ions and water move into the interstitial space

62
Q

Distal tubule

A

E) Absorption of hydrogen ions, potassium ions and urea.

63
Q

Collecting duct

A

G) Urine is concentrated

64
Q

70) What stays in blood after it is filtered by Bowman’s capsule?

A

plasma proteins

65
Q

71) What is another name for micturition

A

urination

Biol exam 3 (6 decks)

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