Urinary

Question 1

Functions of the urinary system:

1. __________________ homeostasis
2. Excretion of _______________, and excess _______
3. Production of hormones: _________ and ___________.
4. Regulation of blood pressure with the _________________.
5. Activation of ___________

Answer 1

1. Water and electrolyte
2. toxic metabolite waste products and excess water
3. renin and erythropoietin
4. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
5. vitamin D

Question 2

Answer 2

1. Fibrous capsule
2. Renal cortex
3. Renal Medulla
4. Corticomedullary junction
5. Renal papilla
6. Adipose tissue in renal sinus
7. Renal sinus
8. Renal lobe
9. Ureter
10. Renal pyramid
11. Renal vein
12. Renal pelvis
13. Renal artery

Question 3

Answer 3

Cp – capsule

C – renal cortex

M – renal medulla

P – renal papilla

U – ureter

Question 4

The functional unit of the kidney is the ________, and they are the site of osmoregulation via:
–___________ of small molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate
–_______________ of most of the water and other molecules from the filtrate

Answer 4

Filtration

Selective reabsorption

Question 5

The renal cortex contains what 6 structures?

Answer 5

1. RENAL CORPUSCLES
2. Proximal convoluted tubules
3. Nephron loops (of Henle)
4. Distal convoluted tubules
5. Collecting tubules
6. Peritubular capillary plexuses

Question 6

The renal medulla contains what 3 things?

Answer 6

1. Nephron loops of Henle
2. Collecting ducts and vasa recta (straight arterioles)
3. Interstitial cells

Question 7

Main 2 parts of the renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Glomerular capsule aka Bowman’s capsule

Question 8

Cells of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule

Answer 8

podocytes

Question 9

cells of the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

Answer 9

Squamous cells

Question 10

___________ form fenestrated glomerular capillaries

Answer 10

endothelial cells

Question 11

________ cells are between the fenestrated capillaries

Answer 11

Mesangial cells

Question 12

In section the _______ are a distinctive feature of kidney cortex

Answer 12

Renal corpuscles

Question 13

The long processes as foot projections called ________, of the ________ wrap around the capillaries, and leave slits between them. Blood is filtered through these slits, each known as a ____________.

Answer 13

pedicels

podocytes

filtration slit

Question 14

___________ capillaries allow ______ sized molecules in blood to pass from the glomerular capillary into the urinary space of the renal corpuscle. Formed elements, _______ and molecules ______ than this remain in blood.

Answer 14

fenestrated

smaller

albumin

larger

Question 15

_________ enters the tubular system via the urinary pole

Answer 15

Filtrate

Question 16

Some molecules are __________ and _________ to the blood of the peritubular plexus and vasa recta

Answer 16

reabsorbed

returned

Question 17

Primary/glomerular filtrate is produced by ultrafiltration of blood in the ____________. The composition of ultrafiltrate is similar to blood plasma, it does not contain _______.

Answer 17

renal corpuscle

proteins

Question 18

What is reabsored in the proximal convoluted tubules?

Answer 18

water

most of Na+

all glucose

all amino acids

Question 19

It is the tubular secretion of ______and _______ from the blood into the tubular fluid that helps to keep blood pH at its normal level. ______ is also secreted.

Answer 19

H⁺ (hydrogen) and NH₄⁺ (ammonium)

K⁺ (Potassium)

Question 20

Numerous pores – fenestrations in the _________ of the ____________ enable the passage of all the non-cellular elements of blood.

Answer 20

Endothelium of the glomerular capillary

Question 21

The ______________ is a fused basal laminae of capillaries and podocytes serve as a glomerular ultrafilter. Albumin (m. w. 68,000) & larger molecules are retained; all smaller molecules cross freely through this filter.

Answer 21

glomerular basement membrane

Question 22

___________ with their inter-digitating trabeculae and _______ form slit pores between processes, and the _________ part of Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 22

Podocytes

pedicles

visceral

Question 23

___________ cells are contractile phagocytic cells that have receptors for ___________ and _________. They provide some structural support to the capillaries as well.

Answer 23

Mesangial cells

Angiotensin II and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Question 24

Glomerular Filtrate Pathway

Answer 24

• Urinary space of Bowman’s capsule
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Nephron loop
• Distal convoluted tubule
• Collecting and papillary duct
• Calyx or renal pelvis

Question 25

Proximal convoluted tubules are lined by a _______________________ with apical microvilli or "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_"

Answer 25

single layer of cuboidal tubular epithelial cells brush border

Question 26

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) are present in ______ only. Once they enter the _______ they are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 26

cortex medullary proximal straight tubules

Question 27

Only difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Answer 27

Distal will not have microvilli

Question 28

Lining of the nephron loop varies from _________ in the thin segments to _________ in the thick segment

Answer 28

squamous simple cuboidal

Question 29

Nephron loops parallel the course of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, facilitating ion and water exchange

Answer 29

vasa recta

Question 30

Cells of the _________ are the main target cells of aldosterone

Answer 30

distal convoluted tubules

Question 31

The ___________ is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the thick ascending limb, at the transition to the distal convoluted tubule, and are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride

Answer 31

macula densa

Question 32

Modified smooth muscle cells called ____________ cells of mainly afferent and to a lesser degree efferent arteriole. These cells detect variations in __________ (baroreceptors) and secrete ______ into vessel lumen.

Answer 32

juxtaglomerular blood pressure renin

Question 33

The terminal portion of the collecting tubules are papillary ducts which empty at the area _______ of the renal crest or papilla (species dependent)

Answer 33

cribrosa

Question 34

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells in the collecting ducts reabsorb Na and H2O under ADH control.

Answer 34

Principal cells

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells in the collecting ducts participate in acid-base balance

Answer 35

intercalated cells

Question 36

Tunica mucosa in bladder lined with transitional epithelium or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

urothelium

Question 37

Bulging cells of transitional epithelium in the bladder are called _________ and protect the lining.

Answer 37

umbrella cells

Question 38

Bladder lamina propria mucosae does not have _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 38

glands lamina muscularis mucosae

Question 39

Difference between epithelium and mesenchyme

Answer 39

epithelium * continuous sheet of polarized cells * apical and basal regions separated by tight junctions mesenchyme * loosely associated nonpolarized cells

Question 40

During renal development in mammals the _________ and __________ are transient structures that serve as _______ organs during in utero development. The _________ forms the definitive kidney.

Answer 40

pronephros and mesonephros excretory metanephros