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Anatomy Exam 3 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System Functions

A

Excretion & Elimination
Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
Regulation of Plasma Concentrations of Ions
Helps Stabilize Blood pH
Conserves Valuable Nutrients

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2
Q

Excretion and Elimination

A

Organic waste products generated by metabolism and normal cell function
Especially urea and uric acid

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3
Q

Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure

A

Adjusting volume of water lost (ADH & Aldosterone)
Releasing EPO
Releasing Renin

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4
Q

Regulation of Plasma Concentrations of Ions

A 
Na, K, Cl (controls amount lost in urine)
Releases Calcitriol (Ca)
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5
Q

Helps Stabilize Blood pH

A

Controls the loss of H+ ions and HCO3 in urine

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6
Q

Conserves Valuable Nutrients

A

Glucose, amino acids

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7
Q

Cortex

A

outermost portion of kidney

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8
Q

Medulla

A

inner layer containing renal poyramids

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9
Q

Nephrons

A

functional units of urine production and regulation of plasma concentrations and volume of solutes

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10
Q

Blood leaves through

A

renal vein

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11
Q

Blood enters through

A

renal artery

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12
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Composed of Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

Site of filtration

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13
Q

Proximate convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorbs water, ions and organic nutrients

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14
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Descending
Water reabsorption
Ascending
Sodium and chloride reabsorption

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15
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins

Selective** reabsorption of water, sodium and calcium

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16
Q

Collecting duct (part of collecting system)

A

Selective** reabsorption of water

Selective** secretion or reabsorption of sodium, potassium, hydrogen and bicarb

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17
Q

Papillary duct (part of collecting system)

A

Delivers urine to minor calyx for transport out

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18
Q

what are nephrons surrounded by and what are they?

A

surrounded by peritubular capillaries.
The capillaries are where nutrients are returned to the blood stream (reabsorption).
The capillaries also contain the ions, acids, drugs, and toxins that are selectively secreted into filtrate.

19
Q

Reabsorption

A

from filtrate back into circulation

20
Q

Secretion

A

from circulation into filtrate

21
Q

**Selective reabsorption and secretion

A

Water etc… are reabsorbed or secreted on a variable basis.

Hormones determine the amount of materials either secreted or absorbed (DCT).

22
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Regulates water concentrations
High ADH = low urine output
impacted by alcohol
increase in blood pressure with high amount

23
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulates salt concentrations
High Aldosterone = hold on to Na+ and lose K+
high amount increase blood pressure

24
Q

Summary of Renal Function

A
  1. Filtrate is produced at renal corpuscle.
  2. The PCT reabsorbs ions, organic nutrients and water.
  3. The PCT and descending part of loop of Henle reabsorb water.
  4. The ascending loop sodium and chloride are actively reabsorbed.
  5. DCT makes final adjustments via selective secretion and reabsorption.
  6. DCT and collecting duct make final volume adjustments by selectively removing water.
  7. Urine is transported to the papillary duct then minor and major calyx for removal via the ureter.
25
Q

Purpose of Urine production

A

Regulate the volume and composition of blood

Removal of dissolved solutes including metabolic waste products

26
Q

Urea

A

Mainly produced during breakdown of amino acids

27
Q

Creatinine

A

Generated via breakdown of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle

28
Q

Uric acid

A

Produced during the breakdown and recycling of RNA

29
Q

Urine

A 
Slightly acidic
Mainly water (93-97%)
Sterile (no bacteria)
Composition depends on filtration absorption and secretion levels of ions, wastes, nutrients etc…
Major waste product  is urea
30
Q

Ureter

A

Muscular tubes from kidneys to bladder.

31
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Contains the trigone which acts as a funnel.

Main purpose is urine storage.

32
Q

Urethra

A

Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
Males vs. Females

33
Q

Filtration

A

Occurs in the renal corpuscle
Blood pressureforces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries and into capsular space
Produces a protein-free solution (filtrate)
From renal corpuscle filtrate flows into renal tubule

34
Q

PCT

A

First segment of tubule
Tubular cells reabsorb organic nutrients, ions, water and any plasma proteins present
Secrets H+ ions, ammonia, creatinine, drugs, and toxins
Secretion
Reabsorption from filtrate into peritubular capillaries via…

35
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Most of the volume of filtrate (60-70%) reabsorbed prior to reaching loop

Loop reabsorbs ~50% of remaining water and the majority of remaining Na+ and Cl-

Reabsorption is performed via countercurrent multiplication between the ascending and descending limbs

36
Q

Countercurrent Multiplication

A

Countercurrent b/c tubular fluid in descending limb flows towards the renal pelvis and tubular fluid in the ascending limb flows toward the cortex
Multiplication b/c the effect of the exchange increases as movement of the fluid continues

37
Q

Thin descending limb

A

Permeable to water

Relatively impermeable to solutes

38
Q

Thick ascending limb

A

Relatively impermeable to both water and solutes

“Pumps” to actively transport sodium and chloride from tubular fluid into peritubular fluid

39
Q

Net result

A

Greater solute concentration difference between peritubular fluid and descending limb = more water out via osmosis and
Greater solute concentration into ascending limb accelerates the active transport of sodium and chloride out into peritubular fluid
Urea and other organic wastes now represent a significant proportion of the dissolved solutes

40
Q

DCT

A

Tubular fluid composition and volume change dramatically from the capsular space to the distal convoluted tubule

41
Q

Selective Reabsorption (DCT)

A

Actively transport Na+ & Cl- out of tubular fluid via active transport (Na+ also via exchange pumps, usually K+)
Aldosterone results in a reduction of Na+ ions lost in urine (which results in water conservation as well)
Primary site of Ca2+ reabsorption regulated by levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

42
Q

Secretion (DCT)

A

Can vary depending on concentrations in peritubluar capillaries and fluid.
When concentrations of “undesirable substances” or other materials (see table 26-3) are too high they will be secreted from peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid at the DCT
K+ ions are secreted as a result of Na+/K+ exchange pumps
H+ secretion due to Na+ absorption as well which results in decreased pH in tubular fluid and increased pH of the blood
Secretion is accelerated when blood pH falls as in lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis

43
Q

Collecting System

A

Na+ ions can be reabsorbs in response to aldosterone via Na+/K+ exchange pumps

Bicarbonate can be reabsorbed in exchange for Cl- ions in response to changes in blood and/or body fluid pH

Urea can be reabsorbed in the deepest portion of the medulla (very end of collecting system)

H+ or Bicarbonate ions can be secreted due to changes in body fluid pH

44
Q

Control of Urine Volume

A

Controlled via water reabsorption
Obligatory water reabsorption
Facultative water reabsorption
Diuretics

Anatomy Exam 3 (4 decks)

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