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Anatomy 2 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the supportive tissue include renal fascia which is the ??? outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

The anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

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2
Q

layers of supportive tissue include Perirenal fat capsule which provides a ??? cushion

A

fatty cushioning

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3
Q

layers of supportive tissue include innermost fibrous capsule which prevents spread of

A

infection to kidney from surrounding regions

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4
Q

what releases urine into minor calyx from the tip of the pyramid in the kidney medulla?

A

the papillae

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5
Q

Renal nerve supply is via sympathetic
or parasympathetic fibres?

A

sympathetic

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6
Q

Renal arteries deliver 1200 ml of cardiac output to the kidneys each minute, hour, or second?

A

minute

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7
Q

how much daily does a glomerulus filter?

A

Glomerulus forms 165-
180L filtrate daily

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the parietal layer of the glomerulus contributes to filtration

A

FALSE

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule has Filtration slits which allow filtrate to pass into the capsular space

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption and secretion

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11
Q

descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to water or NaCl?

A

Water

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12
Q

ascending limb of loop of henle is permeable to water of NaCl?

A

NaCl- sodium

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13
Q

the distal convoluted tubule has a function more in ??? than reabsorption

A

Function more in secretion than reabsorption

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14
Q

cortical nephrons are associated with the shorter loops of henle in cortex or medulla?

A

cortext

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15
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons (15-
20%) have longer loops of henle and are in cortex or medulla?

A

medulla

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16
Q

Blood pressure high in the glomerulus because of afferent or efferent arterioles?

A

Afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent arterioles

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17
Q

Peritubular capillaries are Low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for
absorption, arising from efferent or afferent arterioles

A

efferent arterioles

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18
Q

what do Peritubular capillaries empty into? (Think what is in cortex)

A

cortical radiate vein

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19
Q

Vasa recta are Long vessels parallel to
long loops of Henle that arise from efferent or afferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

efferent

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20
Q

is the function of the Vasa Recta (interweaving around collecting duct) to form concentrated urine? yes or no

A

yes

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21
Q

fenestrations in glomerulus filtration system prevent filtration
of ???

A

blood cells

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22
Q

Urine Formation Step 1:
Glomerular Filtration is a ??? mechanical process driven by hydrostatic
pressure

A

Passive mechanical process driven by hydrostatic pressure:

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23
Q

glomerulus is a very efficient filter because

A

Its filtration membrane is very permeable and it has a large surface area and higher pressure

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24
Q

net filtration pressure is determined by ??? hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

A

Glomerular

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25
Q

two forces that oppose HPg:
??? osmotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg)
??? hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood (OPg)

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

26
Q

intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation) acts within ???

A

kidneys

27
Q

what type of glomerular filtration maintains mostly constant GF rate whilst mean arterial pressure is highly variable?

A

intrinsic control (renal autoregulation)

28
Q

macula densa cells in ??? apparatus (longer loop of henle) are tall, closely packed cells in the ??? limb

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, ascending limb

29
Q

what part of the ascending limb in the juxtaglomerular apparatus acts as chemoreceptors that sense
NaCl content of filtrate

A

macula densa

30
Q

which cells act as mechano-receptors that sense blood pressure changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

31
Q

the second type of glomerular filtration regulation includes Nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain systemic blood pressure. extrinsic or intrinsic?

A

extrinsic controls

32
Q

under stress, the sympathetic NS releases norepinephrine/noradrenaline which causes peripheral ??? = ↑
BP
and Triggers the renin-angiotensinaldosterone mechanism to ↑

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

  1. Triggers the renin-angiotensinaldosterone mechanism to ↑
    blood volume
33
Q

which route of tubular reabsorption goes through cells, transcellular or paracellular?

A

transcellular

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the paracellular route between cells for tubular reabsorption is not limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ via leaky cell junctions

A

FALSE. it is limited to water movement and reabsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ via leaky cell junctions

35
Q

which tubule is the site of most (65%) filtrate reabsorption of
* Na+ and other ions
* Water
* Nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino
acids)

proximal or distal?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubule is hormonally regulated by ??? hormone

A

antidiuretic hormone from pituitary gland

37
Q

Reabsorption of sodium in distal convoluted tubule is hormonally regulated by ??? from adrenal gland

A

aldosterone from adrenal
gland via renin

38
Q

Blood Pressure decrease triggers ??? release from granular cells in afferent arteriole, triggeing ??? release from adrenal gland = Aldosterone ↑ Na+ reabsorption = H2O reabsorption

A

renin release, aldosterone release

39
Q

does tubular secretion or reabsorption eliminate undesirable substances?

A

tubular secretion

40
Q

the movement of substances from peritubular capillaries into filtrate, ridding body of excess K and controlling blood pH occurs in tubular secretion or reabsorption?

A

trubular secretion

41
Q

Osmolality (= Number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O) reflects the ability to cause ???

A

osmosis

42
Q

kidneys maintain plasma concentration by regulating ??? volume and concentration (modifying
water and solute excretion) to match and ???

A

urine volume
By countercurrent mechanisms

43
Q

countercurrent mechanisms occur when fluid flows in ??? directions in 2 adjacent segments of the same tube

A

opposite

44
Q

TRUE or FALSE: countercurrent mechanisms establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient (300 mOsm to
1200 mOsm) from renal cortex
through the medulla

A

TRUE

45
Q

the countercurrent mechanisms allows us to ??? or ??? water depending on our
hydration status

A

conserve or excrete water depending on our hydration status

46
Q

countercurrent multiplier: Na+ and Cl– are passively reabsorbed in the ??? segment (as medulla decreases in osmolality during ascent), Actively reabsorbed in the ??? segment
and Active pumping of
NaCl makes medulla
concentrated!

A

thin segment
thick segment

47
Q

countercurrent multiplier Na and Cl are passively reabsorbed and actively reabsorbed in which limb of loop of henle?

A

ascending limb

48
Q

what mOsmol difference is created between Descending and Ascending limbs of loop of henle due to countercurrent mechanism multiplier?

A

200 mOsmol

49
Q

countercurrent exchange occurs in loop of henle or vasa recta?

A

vasa recta

50
Q

countercurrent multiplication occurs in loop of henle or vasa recta?

A

loop of henle limbs

51
Q

the Vasa Recta protects the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid ??? of ??? from medullary interstitial
space and placing reabsorbed ??? into bloodstream

A

removal of salt
places reabsorbed H2O into bloodstream from medullary tissue

52
Q

In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), dilute filtrate continues from medullary collecting duct into ???

A

into the renal pelvis as dilute
urine

53
Q

formation of concentrated urine depends on the ??? and ???

A

medullary osmotic gradient and ADH

54
Q

ADH triggers the reabsorption of H2O in the ??? and collecting ducts

A

the distal convoluted
tubule and collecting ducts

55
Q

renal clearance refers to the volume of ??? cleared of a particular substance in a given time

A

Volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time

56
Q

renal clearence tests are used to check Glomerular ??? rate and ???

A

filtration rate and damage

57
Q

adventitia is innermost fibrous connective tissue in the

A

ureta

58
Q

Layers of the bladder wall:
- Epithelial ???
- Thick ??? muscle
* Rugae: folds in bladder wall when empty for ???

A
  • Epithelial mucosa
  • Thick detrusor muscle
    Rugae: folds in bladder wall when empty
    = expansion potential
59
Q

what is the point of rugae in bladder wall that are present when bladder is empty?

A

allows for expansion potential

60
Q

micturition reflex is triggered by the bladder filling, causing ??? to send afferent nerve impulses to the brain

A

stretch receptors

Anatomy 2 (15 decks)

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