Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Kidneys dispose of waste products in ?
A
urine
2
Q
Kidneys dispose of waste products in urine (4)
A
- nitrogenous wastes
- toxins
- drugs
- excess ions
3
Q
Kidneys’ regulatory functions include: (3)
A
- production of renin to maintain BP
- production of erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production
- conversion of vit. D to its active form
4
Q
Organs of the Urinary System
A
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
5
Q
The kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall
in a ??? position
A
retroperitoneal
6
Q
The kidneys are situated at the level of the ?? to ?? vertebrae
A
T12 to L3
7
Q
The right kidney is slightly lower/higher than the left (because
of position of the ???)
A
lower;
liver
8
Q
function of kidneys (5)
A
- blood waste elimination
- blood production
- blood volume regulation
- BP regulation
- bone density
9
Q
vitamin D conversion by what organ first before kidney?
A
liver
10
Q
test to identify how well the kidney filters waste
A
GFR, glomerular filtration rate
11
Q
GFR: normal kidney funtion
A
90 ml/min
12
Q
GFR: slight reduction of kidney function
A
60-89 ml/min
13
Q
GFR: moderate function
A
30-59 ml/min
14
Q
GFR: kidney injury
A
15-29 ml/min
15
Q
GFR: kidney failure
A
<15 ml/min
16
Q
An adult kidney size
A
about 12 cm (5 in) long and
6 cm (2.5 in) wide
17
Q
A medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney (ureters, renal blood vessels, and
nerves)
A
renal hilum
18
Q
Three protective layers enclose the kidney
A
fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
renal fascia
19
Q
protective layer that encloses each kidney
A
fibrous capsule
20
Q
surrounds the kidney and cushions
against blows
A
Perirenal fat capsule
21
Q
is the most superficial layer that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
A
Renal fascia
22
Q
Three regions revealed in a longitudinal section
A
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
23
Q
outer region (longitudinal)
A
renal cortex
24
Q
deeper region (longitudinal)
A
renal medulla
25
triangular regions of tissue
in the medulla
renal (medullary) pyramids
26
extensions of cortex like material that separate the pyramids
renal columns
27
renal medulla (2)
renal/medullary pyramids
renal columns
28
medial region that is a flat, funnel
shaped tube
renal pelvis
29
form cup-shaped "drains" that enclose the renal pyramids
Calyces
30
collect urine and send it to the renal pelvis, on to the ureter, and to the urinary bladder for storage
Calyces
31
how much of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute?
One-quarter
32
provides each kidney with arterial blood supply
Renal artery
33
Renal artery divides into segmental arteries (3)
→ interlobar arteries
→ arcuate arteries
→ cortical radiate arteries
34
Venous blood flow (4)
Cortical radiate veins
→ arcuate veins
→ interlobar veins
→ renal vein
35
Is there or is there not segmental veins?
there is not
36
Renal vein returns blood to the ?
inferior vena cava
37
Structural and functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
38
Each kidney contains how many nephrons
over a million
39
Each nephron consists of two main structures
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
40
Renal corpuscle consists of (2)
glomerulus
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
41
a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
glomerulus
42
make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule
Podocytes
43
cling to the glomerulus
Foot processes
44
create a porous membrane—ideal for filtration
Filtration slits
45
is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
46
First part of the renal tubule
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
47
how much nephrons does a human need to survive
800k
48
Extends from glomerular capsule and ends when it empties into the collecting duct
renal tubule
49
From the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, the subdivisions of the renal tubule are: (3)
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
50
Cortical nephrons location
in the cortex
51
Include most nephrons
cortical nephrons
52
Found at the cortex-medulla junction
Juxtamedullary nephrons
53
Nephron loop dips deep into the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
54
collect urine from both types of nephrons, through the renal pyramids, to the calyces,
and then to the renal pelvis
Collecting ducts
55
Two capillary beds associated with each nephron
1. Glomerulus
2. Peritubular capillary bed
56
Fed and drained by arterioles
glomerulus
57
arises from a cortical radiate artery
and feeds the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
58
receives blood that has passed through the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
59
Specialized for filtration
glomerulus
60
Glomerulus: what forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into the glomerular capsule
High pressure
61
Arise from the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
Peritubular capillary beds
62
Low-pressure, porous capillaries
Peritubular capillary beds
63
Adapted for absorption instead of filtration
Peritubular capillary beds
64
Cling close to the renal tubule to receive solutes and water from tubule cells
peritubular capillary beds
65
peritubular capillary beds drain into the ?
interlobar veins
66
Urine formation is the result of three processes
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
67
water & solute force to capillary walls
glomerular filtration
68
water, glucose, and amino acid are reabsorbed
tubular reabsorption
69
waste being removed and secreted
tubular secretion
70
The glomerulus is a what
filter
71
Filtration is a nonselective passive process
Glomerular filtration
72
glomerular filtration: are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane
Proteins and blood cells
73
glomerular filtration: Once in the capsule, fluid is called
filtrate
74
glomerular filtration: Filtrate leaves via the ???
renal tubule
75
filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is ???
normal
76
If arterial blood pressure is ???, filtrate formation stops because glomerular pressure will be too low to form filtrate
too low
77
process: The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cells
tubular reabsorption
78
Tubular reabsorption
The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cells, such as:
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions
79
Some reabsorption is ???; most is ???
passive;
active (ATP)
80
Most reabsorption occurs in the ?
proximal convoluted tubule
81
Reabsorption in reverse
tubular secretion
82
Some materials move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate
tubular secretion
83
(BUN)
Blood Urea Nitrogen
84
tubular secretion materials to be eliminated in filtrate
Hydrogen and potassium ions
Creatinine
85
Secretion is important for: (3)
- Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
- Removing drugs and excess ions
- Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
86
tubular secretion: Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the
??
ureter
87
poorly reabsorbed, if
at all; Tend to remain in the filtrate and are excreted from the
body in the urine
nitrogenous wastes
88
end product of protein breakdown; gives the smell of urine
urea
89
results from nucleic acid metabolism
uric acid
90
associated with creatine metabolism in muscles
creatinine
91
In 24 hours, about how many liters of urine are produced?
1.0 to 1.8
92
contains everything that blood plasma does
(except proteins)
Filtrate
93
is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption
Urine
94
contains nitrogenous wastes and substances that are not needed
Urine
95
color of urine
Clear and pale to deep yellow
96
Yellow color is normal and due to the pigment ?
urochrome
97
from the destruction of hemoglobin and solutes
urochrome
98
color of dilute urine
pale, straw color
99
when is urine sterile
at formation
100
Urine is slightly aromatic, but smells like ? with time
ammonia
101
pH of urine
Slightly acidic (pH of 6)
102
urine Specific gravity
1.001 to 1.035
103
Solutes normally found in urine (4)
Sodium and potassium ions
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
Ammonia
Bicarbonate ions
104
Solutes NOT normally found in urine (6)
Glucose
Blood proteins
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
WBCs (pus)
Bile
105
test for renal calculi
gold flam's test
106
Cloudy urine (with pus): sign of what
UTI
107
glucose in urine
glycosuria
108
proteins in urine
proteinuria (albuminuria)
109
pus (WBCs and bacteria) in urine
pyuria
110
RBCs in urine
hematuria
111
hemoglobin in urine
hemoglobinuria
112
bile pigment in urine
bilirubinuria
113
Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureters
114
ureters measurement
25–30 cm (10–12 inches)
115
ureters are continuous with the
renal pelvis
116
ureters enter the?
posterior aspect of the urinary bladder
117
ureters run behind what
peritoneum
118
aids gravity in urine transport
Peristalsis
119
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to the pubic symphysis
urinary bladder
120
Stores urine temporarily
urinary bladder
121
triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three openings
trigone
122
trigone 2 openings from?
the ureters (ureteral orifices)
123
trigone 1 opening from?
the urethra (internal urethral orifice)
124
In males, ??? surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder
the prostate
125
Wall of the urinary bladder
Three layers of smooth muscle collectively called the
detrusor muscle
126
Mucosa of urinary bladder made of ?
transitional epithelium
127
Walls are ??? in an empty urinary bladder
thick and folded
128
can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure
Urinary bladder
129
A moderately full bladder is about ??? long and holds about ??? of urine
5 inches;
500 ml
130
anatomical capacity of bladder
1L
131
urge to urinate at how much urine in bladder?
200ml
132
opens when bladder expands and pressure opens sphincter (involuntary)
internal sphincter
133
voluntary sphincter
external sphincter
134
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
urethra
135
urethra function in females:
carries only urine
136
urethra function in males:
carries urine and sperm
137
Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
138
Involuntary sphincter and made of smooth muscle
internal urethral sphincter
139
Voluntary sphincter and made of skeletal muscle
external urethral sphincter
140
length of urethra in females
3-4 cm (1.5 in)
141
length of urethra in males
20cm (8 in)
142
urethra location for females:
anterior to the vaginal opening
143
urethra location for males:
travels through the prostate and penis
144
3 urethra in males
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
145
Voiding, or emptying of the urinary bladder
micturition
146
transmit impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord
Stretch receptors
147
Impulses travel back to the bladder via the ??? to cause bladder contractions
pelvic splanchnic nerves
148
When contractions become stronger, urine is forced past the ??? into ???
involuntary internal sphincter;
the upper urethra
149
The ??? is voluntarily controlled, so micturition can usually be delayed
external sphincter
150
Blood composition depends on three factors
1. Diet
2. Cellular metabolism
3. Urine output
151
Kidneys have four roles in maintaining blood
composition
1. Excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
2. Maintaining water balance of the blood
3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
4. Ensuring proper blood pH
152
Normal amount of water in the human body: young adult females
50%
153
Normal amount of water in the human body: young adult males
60%
154
Normal amount of water in the human body: babies
75%
155
Normal amount of water in the human body: the elderly
45%
156
is necessary for many body functions, and levels must be maintained
Water
157
Water occupies three main fluid compartments
intracellular fluid (ICF)
extracellular fluid (ECF)
plasma (blood)
158
Fluid inside cells
Accounts for two-thirds of body fluid
intracellular fluid
159
Fluids outside cells; includes blood plasma, interstitial
fluid (IF), lymph, and transcellular fluid
extracellular fluid
160
is ECF, but accounts for 3L of total
body water.
Links external and internal environments
plasma (blood)
161
are charged particles (ions) that conduct electrical current in an aqueous solution
Electrolytes
162
Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions are
electrolytes
163
Water intake must equal ??? if the body is to remain properly hydrated
water output
164
Sources for water intake (2)
Ingested foods and fluids
Water produced from metabolic processes (10%)
165
is the driving force for water intake
Thirst mechanism
166
are sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration
Osmoreceptors
167
osmoreceptors, when activated, the ??? in the hypothalamus
is notified
thirst center
168
A dry mouth due to decreased saliva also promotes the
thirst mechanism
169
Sources of water output (4)
Lungs (insensible since we cannot sense the water
leaving)
Perspiration
Feces
Urine
170
are primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the
kidneys
Hormones
171
prevents excessive water
loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption; targets the kidney’s collecting ducts
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
172
A second hormone, ???, helps regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on
the kidney
aldosterone
173
For each sodium ion reabsorbed, a ??? follows, and a ??? is secreted into the filtrate
chloride ion;
potassium ion
174
when sodium is reabsorbed, ???
follows it passively back into the blood
water
175
Most important trigger for aldosterone release
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
176
renin-angiotensin mechanism: Mediated by the ??? of the renal tubules
juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
177
When cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, the enzyme ??? is released into blood
renin
178
Renin catalyzes reactions that produce ???
angiotensin II
179
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
180
renin-angiotensin mechanism result
increase in blood volume and blood pressure
181
blood pH above 7.45
Alkalosis
182
blood pH below 7.35
Acidosis
183
Blood pH must remain between ??? to maintain homeostasis
7.35 and 7.45
184
blood pH between 7.0 and 7.35
Physiological acidosis
185
play greatest role in maintaining acid base balance
Kidneys
186
Other acid-base controlling systems (other than kidneys)
Blood buffers and Respiration
187
blood buffers
acids
bases
188
proton (H+) donors
acids
189
dissociate completely and liberate all of their H+ in water
Strong acids
190
???, such as ???, dissociate only partially
Weak acids;
carbonic acid
191
proton (H+) acceptors
bases
192
dissociate easily in water and tie up H+
Strong bases
193
???, such as ???, are slower to accept H+
Weak bases;
bicarbonate ion and ammonia
194
react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations
Molecules
195
molecules: ??? to H+ when pH drops
Bind
196
molecules: ??? H+ when pH rises
Release
197
Three major chemical buffer systems
1. Bicarbonate buffer system
2. Phosphate buffer system
3. Protein buffer system
198
Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
The bicarbonate buffer system
199
a weak acid that does not dissociate much in neutral or acid solutions
Carbonic acid
200
react with strong acids to change them to weak acids
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3−)
201
dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water
Carbonic acid
202
can rise and fall depending on changing blood pH to retain CO2 (decreasing the blood pH) or remove CO2 (increasing the blood pH)
Respiratory rate
203
When blood pH ???:
Bicarbonate ions are excreted
Hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules
renal mechanisms;
rises
204
When blood pH ???:
Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed
Hydrogen ions are secreted
renal mechanisms;
falls
205
Urine pH varies from ?? to ??
4.5 to 8.0
206
The kidneys begin to develop in the ?
first few weeks of embryonic life
207
they kidneys are excreting urine by the ??? month of fetal life
third
208
Common congenital abnormalities include
polycystic kidney and hypospadias
209
Common urinary system problems in children and young to middle-aged adults include:
- infections caused by fecal microorganisms,
- microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections, and
- Streptococcus
210
Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until what age
18 months
211
Complete nighttime control may not occur until the child is how many years old?
4 years old
212
are the only common problems before old age
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
213
a bacterium, accounts for 80
percent of UTIs
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
214
is an uncommon but serious problem in which the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine, and dialysis must be done to maintain chemical homeostasis of blood
Renal failure
215
With age, ??? decreases and ???become less efficient at concentrating urine,
leading to urgency, frequency, and incontinence
filtration rate;
tubule cells;
216
In men, ??? is another common problem
urinary retention
217
Problems associated with aging (5)
urgency
frequency
nocturia
incontinence
urinary retention
218
feeling that it is necessary to void
Urgency
219
frequent voiding of small amounts of urine
Frequency
220
need to get up during the night to urinate
Nocturia
221
loss of control
Incontinence
222
common in males, often the result
of hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Urinary retention
223
often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland
urinary retention
224
inflammation of the kidney
pyelonephritis
225
dropping of the kidney to a more inferior position in the abdomen; may result from a rapid weight loss that decreases the fatty cushion surrounding the kidney
ptosis
226
backup of urine into the kidney; often a result of a blockage in the urinary tract
hydronephrosis
227
a condition in which excessive amounts of urine are produced because of a deficiency of ADH
diabetes insipidus
228
toxic condition caused by renal failure
uremia
229
more acidic or basic urine? protein-rich diet
acidic
230
more acidic or basic urine? bacterial infection
basic
231
more acidic or basic urine? starvation
acidic
232
more acidic or basic urine? diabetes insipidus
basic
233
more acidic or basic urine? vegetarian diet
basic
234
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? drinking excessive fluids
decrease
235
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? chronic renal failure
decrease
236
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? pyelonephritis
increase
237
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? using diuretics
decrease
238
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? limited fluid intake
increase
239
would cause an increase or decrease in urine-specific gravity? fever
increase
240
more acidic or basic urine? intense exercise
acidic
