Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
skin = ??? membrane
A
cutaneous
2
Q
2 regions of the skin
A
epidermis & dermis
3
Q
outer layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium
A
epidermis
4
Q
to prevent water loss, epidermis is ?
A
cornified/keratinized
5
Q
avascular or vascular? epidermis.
A
avascular
6
Q
most cells in epidermis
A
keratinocytes
7
Q
avascular or vascular? dermis.
A
vascular
8
Q
dense connective tissue
A
dermis
9
Q
subcutaneous tissue deep to dermis
A
hypodermis
10
Q
not technically part of skin
A
hypodermis
11
Q
hypodermis fx
A
anchors skin to underlying organs
12
Q
hypodermis is composed mostly of what tissue
A
adipose tissue
13
Q
layers of epidermis (start from deepest)
A
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
14
Q
stratum basale
A
stratum germinativum
15
Q
deepest layer of epidermis
A
stratum basale
16
Q
stratum basale lies next to where
A
dermis
17
Q
wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
A
stratum basale
18
Q
cells undergoing mitosis where daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
A
stratum basale
19
Q
stratum spinosum
A
prickly layer
20
Q
several cell layers thick that contain weblike system of intermediate filaments
A
stratum spinosum
21
Q
stratum granulosum
A
granular layer
22
Q
4-6 layers thick that accumulates 2 types of granules
A
stratum granulosum
23
Q
2 types of granules accumulated in stratum granulosum
A
keratohyaline granules & lamellar granules
24
Q
granule: help to form keratin in the upper layer
A
keratohyaline granules
25
granule: contain water resistant glycolipid (protein) for slowing water loss across epidermis
lamellar granules
26
stratum lucidum
clear layer
27
formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
stratum lucidum
28
occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hand and soles of feet
stratum lucidum
29
stratum corneum
horny layer
30
outermost layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
31
shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin
stratum corneum
32
protective protein that prevents water loss from skin
keratin
33
cells in the epidermis (4)
keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
tactile (Merkel) cells
34
cells that produce keratin
keratinocytes
34
where do keratinocytes arise in
in the deepest part of the epidermis (stratum basale)
35
fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
keratin
36
spider-shaped epithelial cells
melanocytes
37
cells that synthesize melanin pigment
melanocytes
38
where are melanocytes found
deepest part of the epidermis
39
cells that ingest foreign substances and are the key activators of our immune system
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
40
dendritic (Langerhans) cells arise from where and migrate to where
bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
41
cells that functions as sensory receptor for touch
tactile (Merkel) cells
42
tactile (Merkel) cells are present at
the epidermal-dermal junction
43
2 layers of dermis
papillary and reticular layer
44
upper dermal region
papillary layer
45
tissue of papillary layer
areolar connective tissues
46
collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat
papillary layer
47
projections in papillary layer
dermal papillae
48
some contain capillary loops and others house pain receptors and touch receptors
dermal papillae
49
pain and touch receptors
tactile/Meissner's Corpuscles
50
80% of the thickness of the dermis
reticular layer
51
tissue of reticular layer
dense fibrous connective tissue
52
important to surgeon
cleavage (tension lines)
53
dermal folds that occur at or near joints
flexure lines
54
normal skin color determinants
melanin
carotene
hemoglobin
55
polymer made of tyrosine amino acids
melanin
56
yellow, brown, or black pigments
melanin
57
orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
carotene
58
pigment: accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis
carotene
59
red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
hemoglobin
60
determines the extent of red coloring of hemoglobin
oxygen content
61
alterations in skin color (6)
-redness (erythema)
-pallor (blanching)
-cyanosis (bluish discoloration)
-jaundice (yellowing)
-bronzing
-bruises
62
Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
redness (erythema)
63
due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
pallor (blanching)
64
Violet-ish lips and fingers from lack of oxygen
cyanosis
65
caused by liver disorder
jaundice (yellowing)
66
caused by Addison's disease or iron medications
bronzing
67
hematomas
bruises
68
skin appendages (cutaneous glands)
sebaceous & sudoriferous glands
69
all exocrine glands
cutaneous glands
70
glands that produce oil (sebum), accumulated lipids and cell fragments
oil (sebaceous) glands
71
functions of oil
skin lubricant
prevents brittle hair
kills bacteria
72
most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
oil (sebaceous) glands
73
activation of oil (sebaceous) glands
puberty
74
accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct
whitehead
75
material oxidizes and dries
blackhead
76
an active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by "pimple"
acne
77
caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus)
acne
78
overactive sebaceous glands
seborrhea
79
seborrhea in infants
cradle cap
80
glands that produce sweat, widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia
sweat (sudoriferous) glands
81
2 types of sudoriferous glands
eccrine (merocrine) & apocrine
82
- Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
- Open via duct to pore on skin surface
- Produce sweat (clear)
eccrine (merocrine)
83
- Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
- Ducts empty into hair follicles
- Begin to function at puberty
- Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)
apocrine
84
apocrine glands (2)
ceruminous and mammary glands
85
modified glands found in the lining of external ear canal
ceruminous glands
86
ceruminous gland secretion mixes with sebum to produce
cerumen/earwax
87
glands that secretes milk (apocrine)
mammary glands
88
composition:
- Mostly water
- Salts & vit C
- Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
sweat
89
- Helps dissipate excess heat
- Excretes waste products
sweat
90
sweat's ??? nature inhibits bacteria growth
acidic
91
sweat: odor is from associated ???
bacteria
92
produced by hair follicle
hair/pili
93
hair/pili consists of what epithelial cells
hard keratinized epithelial cells
94
provide pigment for hair color
melanocytes
95
hair grows in the matrix of ??? in stratum ???
hair bulb in stratum basale
96
hair anatomy
medulla, cortex, cuticle
97
hair anatomy:
- Consist of large cell and air spaces
- Only part of the hair that contains soft keratin, absent in fine hair
central medulla
98
hair anatomy: surrounds medulla
cortex
99
hair anatomy:
- Most heavily keratinized
- Provides strength and helps keep the inner layers tightly compacted
cuticle
100
Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root
hair follicle
101
Nipple-like bit of dermal tissue, protrudes into the hair bulb
hair papilla
102
Contains knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals to grow.
hair papilla
103
Smooth muscle cells
Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened
arrector pili muscle
104
Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.
arrector pili muscle
105
types of hair growth
vellus and terminal hair
106
excessive hairiness that may results from adrenal gland/ovarian tumor
hirsutism
107
hair thinning & some degree of baldness
alopecia
108
most common, male pattern baldness
true/frank baldness
109
lanugo
fine hair
110
scale-like modifications of the epidermis; heavily keratinized
nails
111
(nail) stratum basale extends beneath the ??? and is responsible for growth
nail bed
112
lack of ??? makes the nails colorless
lack of pigment
113
proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body
cuticle
114
root of nail is embedded in
skin
115
the visible attached portion of the nail
body
116
skin functions (6)
protection
body temperature regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic functions
blood reservoir
excretion
117
3 types of barriers
chemical, physical, biological barriers
118
barrier that include skin secretions and melanin
chemical barriers
119
chemical barriers
-dermcidin in sweat
-bactericidal in sebum
-defensins (natural antibiotics)
-cathelicidins
120
protective peptides in wounded skin
cathelicidins
121
natural antibiotics of skin
defensins
122
compared to bricks and mortar
stratum corneum
123
example barrier: stratum corneum
physical barrier
124
barrier: include dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages in the dermis and DNA
biological barriers
125
2 types of respirations for body temperature regulation
insensible and sensible respiration
126
respiration: external environment is cold, blood vessels constrict
sensible
127
function: skin is richly supplied with cutaneous sensory receptors, classified as exteroceptors
cutaneous sensation
128
richly supplied with cutaneous sensory receptors, classified as
exteroceptors
129
exteroceptors examples
tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles
lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
130
function: Skin is a chemical factory fueled in part by the sun's rays
metabolic functions
131
dermal vascular supply is extensive and can hold about how many percent of body’s entire blood volume?
5%
132
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
burns
133
associated dangers in burns (3)
dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
circulatory shock
134
way to determine extent of burns
rule of nines
135
Body is divided into how many areas for quick estimation
11
136
TBSA for fatal
50-60%
137
TBSA for critical
35-49%
138
TBSA for emergency
35 below
139
Only epidermis is damaged
Skin is red and swollen
first-degree burns
140
○ Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
○ Skin is red with blisters
second-degree burns
141
○ Destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless
○ Burn is gray-white, cherry red or blackened
Little or no edema
third-degree burns
142
○ Over 25% of body has 2nd degree burns
○ Over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
○ There are 3rd degree burns of the face, hands, or feet
critical burns
143
abnormal cell mass
skin cancer
144
classifications of skin cancer
benign and malignant
145
skin cancer that does not spread (encapsulated)
benign
146
skin cancer that metastasized (moves) to other parts of the body
malignant
147
most common type of cancer
skin cancer
148
skin cancer types
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
149
Least malignant
Most common type
Arises from stratum basale
basal cell carcinoma
150
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Early removal allows a good chance of cure
Believed to be sun-induced
Arises from stratum spinosum
squamous cell carcinoma
151
Cancer of melanocytes
Most deadly skin cancers
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Detection uses ABCD rule
malignant melanoma
152
ABCD rule
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter
153
2 sides of pigmented mole do not match
asymmetry
154
borders of mole are not smooth
border irregularity
155
different colors in pigmented area
color
156
spot is larger than 6mm in diameter
diameter
