urinary system Flashcards
benign prostatic hyperplasia
enlargement of prostate
congential anomaly
anomaly present at brith (double kidney)
duplicate collecting system
2 renal pelvis or and ureters from the same kidney
horseshoe kidney
fusion of kidneys at lover poles
pelvic kidney
kidney that fails to climb into abdominal cavity and remains in pelvis
polycystic kidney
massive enlargement of kidney with formation of cysts
renal obstruction
prevents normal flow of urine
stenosis
narrowing or constriction of a passage
wilm’s tumor
childhood abdominal tumor affecting kidney
vescicoureteral reflux
backward flow of urine from bladder into ureters
ivu demonstrates
both function and structure of urinary system
what is visualized on nephrotomogram and when is it visualized
renal parenchyma or nephrons and collecting tubes visualized immediately after introduction of contrast
common contraindications for ivu
ability of kidneys to filter contrast from blood. pts allergic history
where the ureters lie
behind peroteneum and in front of psoas muscle and transverse process of lumbar vertebra
where bladder is positioned at in the body
posterior and superior pubis and directly anterior to rectum in males vaginal canal in females
significant contrast reactions
nausea vomiting edema of respiratory system mucus membranes
why nephotomograms are done
eliminate SI of intestinal content and define smaller anatomic structures of kidney
indicationf for ivu
ecal of abdominal mass renal cysts and renal tumors,
stones of kidneys or urinary tract
infection of upper urinary tract
hydrophephrosis
eval effects fo trauma
eval of function location size and shape of kidneys and ureters
nephrons
essential microscopic components of parenchyms (spongy material kidney is made of)
how many nephrons are contained inside each kidney
1 million
bowman’s capsule
double-walled membranous cup
what glomerulus serves as and what this accomplishes
`filter for blood permiting water and finely dissolved substances to pass through the walls of capillaries into capsul
purpost of doing scout radiographs
demonstrates outline of kidneys location in supine position presence of renal stones check bowel prep and allows you to make technique changes.
when ureteral compression is contraindicated
pt is suspected to have urinary stones, abdominal mass or anerysm a colostomy suprapubic cath or traumatic injury
how function is demonstrated on IVU
ability of kidneys to filter contrast media from the blood and concentrate it with urine
difference between major andminor calyces
major larger ends
minor smaller beninning
length of ureters
10-12” long
where each ureter enters bladder
posterior side and more lateral
function of ureter
convey urine from renal pelvis to the bladder through slow rhythmic peristalic contractions
what bladder is
membranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine
how much can a full adult bladder hold
500 ml of fluid
micturition is
urination
trigone is
area between 3 openings (2 ureters and urethra)
folds of bladder are called
rugae
difference between sphincter and orifice
orifice- opening
sphincter- circular muscle that is a passage way that opens and closes body’s natural openings
how long is the urethra in males and females
male- 7-8”
females=1.5”
why upright abd are sometimes done as a scout in a series
dfemonstrates mobility of kidneys
what prostate is and what it secretes
small glandular body surrounding proximal part of male urethra part of male reproductive system secretes milky fluid that combines with semen.`
antegreade filling
contrast enters kidneys first and flows in normal direction (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra)
retrograde exam is
contrast is injected into the urethra by means of cathertar
when most reactions to contrast occur
first 5 min after administration
recommended pre[p for infants and children
not attempted
what makes up urinary system
2 kidneys 2 ureters and bladder
function of the kidney
removes waste from blood
maintains fluid and electrolyte balances
secretes substances that affect blood pressure and other important body functions
average range of contrast used for IVU
30-100 ml
measuments of the kidneys
length 4.5”
width- 2-3”
thick 1 1/4”
what ivu is
intravenous radiography contrast delivered through vein
common characteristic reactions of contrast administration
feeling warmth
flushing
sometimes hives
common time range that IVU radiographs will be taken
1 min to 20 min and anything in between
2 body positions a pt will be in when doing obliques
RPO LPO
how much do you oblique pt (urinary system)
30 degrees
which position shows right ureter free of si
RPO
which position shows left ureter free of SI
LPO
General patient prep for an IVU exam
low residue diet light evening meal then npo non-gas producing laxitive day before
what must be checked before starting IVU exam
all consents are filled out and signes
2 people need to be readily availible during an ivu
nurse and radiologist
where ureteral compressions are placed
over distal ends of ureters
why compression is used
done to stop flow of contrast from entering into bladder and ensure adequate filling of renal pelvis and calyces
respiration
end of expiration
how to overcome some contraindication for ivu
use of nonionic contrast
why pt must empty bladdre
prevents dilution of contrast
elevated levels indicate
renal dysfunction
how much urine a normal kidney excretes
1 -2 l
what the urinary system is called
excretory system
function of urethra
takes urine to the outside of body
suprarenal glands are known as
adrenal glands
functional relationship of suprarenal glands and why its mentioned
included because of anatomic relationship. no functional relationship
what 2 substances adrenal glands secrete
epinephrine hormones
left kidney position
slightly longer and narrower
wher kidneys are situated
behind peritoneum
which part of the kidney is more posterior
superior part
what forms glomerulus
cluster of blood capillaries
what calyces are
cup shaped stems arising at sides of the papilla of each renal pyramid
