Urinary System Flashcards
Boundaries of the abdomen:
- Superior
- Lateral/anterior
- Posterior
- Inferior
- Limited by the diaphragm.
- Abdominal muscles
- Thoracic and lumbar spine, musculature of the abdomen and back.
- Communication with pelvic cavity.
Abdominal peritoneum consists of which layers
- Visceral peritoneum (inner, touches organ)
- Peritoneal cavity.
- Parietal peritoneum (outer)
- Mesentery Suspensory structure between two cavities. Connects visceral with parietal.
What is the mesentery
Suspensory structure between two peritoneal cavities. Conveys vasculature and nerves.
Organs lined with peritoneum are called ____
Intraperitoneal
Organs without peritoneum are called either
Retroperitoneal (behind) or sub peritoneal (infra or below)
Do any of the urinary tract organs have peritoneal?
No.
Which urinary organs are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys and ureters. Very posterior, infront of spinal column.
Which urinary organs are infra peritoneal?
Urinary bladder and distal ureters. Sometimes the urethra is considered as infra.
Arterial circulation of the abdomen is supplied by which part of the aorta?
Supplied by the abdominal aorta, which descends below the diaphragm. This is a continuation of the thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta is located left of midline because the esophagus is in the way
Is the inferior vena cava located right or left of midline
Right of midline.
Visceral branches of arterial circulation of the abdomen?
Renal arteries
Terminal branches of the arterial circulation
Aorta ends and branches into the iliac.
What are the two main abdominal venous systems?
- Renal and pelvis into the inferior vena cava.
2. GI organs and spleen into the hepatic portal into the liver into the inferior vena cava (portal circulation)
Sympathetic innervation of the urinary system
Greater variation in innervation than parasympathetic.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing and go to the inferior mesenteric ganglion, where it synapses. Then goes to kidney and bladder.
So all variations receive input from the inferior mesenteric ganglion.
Parasympathetic innervation of the urinary system
Exits sacral region and travels via the pelvic splanchnic nerve, synpases very close to the effector and then goes to the kidney and bladder.
Which kidney sits lower than the other
R kidney sits lower than the other because the liver takes up a lot of space above.
3 layers of the kidney
Capsule- thin layer of dense connective tissue.
Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner layer where urinary production occurs.
Hilium
Vascular supply and urinary output to the liver.
Renal artery and vein. Renal pelvis and ureter.
Where are the renal pyramids located
In the renal medulla. Base towards outer capsule and apex towards the central renal papillae.
The cortex is between the pyramids.
Why is the left renal vein more subject to occlusion?
Due to pathway of L renal vein. Passes underneath superior mesenteric artery, between it and aorta. Artery can press on vein (arteries in general have higher pressure).
Called nut cracker syndrome. This may back up of blood into L kidney.
Four types of renal vessels
- Segmental arteries (5): Main branches off renal artery
- Interlobar arteries and veins: Travel from the lateral margin of medulla (pyramids) up into the cortex.
- Arcuate arteries and veins: Outer margin of medulla into the cortex. Arc over the pyramid base.
- Interlobular arteries and veins (local): Vertical projections to and from the nephron.
The renal corpuscle contains, contained within the cortex.
The glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
Corpuscle is located where
Cortex. Always the cortex.
Blood flow to the nephron
Renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery and then afferent arteriole.
