urinary system/ male genital tract

Question 1

risk factors for UTI’s?

Answer 1

females, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, diabetes, obstruction e.g. stones or catheters.

Question 2

describe bacteruria?

Answer 2

bacteria in the urine

Question 3

what is a UTI?

Answer 3

urinary tract infection; the presence of pure growth of 10^5 organisms in fresh urine

Question 4

examples of UTI’s?

Answer 4

urethritis (in urethra), cystitis (in bladder), prostatitis (in prostate), pyelonephritis (in kidney).

Question 5

symptoms of cystitis>

Answer 5

frequency of PU, dysruria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain

Question 6

symptoms of prostatitis?

Answer 6

flu-like symptoms, swollen tender prostate

Question 7

symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 7

high fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness

Question 8

causative organisms of UTI’s?

Answer 8

E.coli most common. also, staphylococcus, proteus an klebsiella

Question 9

management of UTI’s?

Answer 9

drink fluids, urinate often, antibiotics (trimethoprim), hospital admission

Question 10

function of the kidney?

Answer 10

maintenance of water, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis, excretion of toxic metabolic waste products, hormonal functions

Question 11

hormones produced in the kidney and their functions?

Answer 11

renin - controls blood pressure. erythropoietin - stimulate production of RBC’s in the bone marrow and helps in the production of vitamin D.

Question 12

describe acute renal failure?

Answer 12

a significant deteoriation in renal function occurring over hours or days.

Question 13

signs of acute renal failure?

Answer 13

low urine volume <400ml/24 hours, rising plasma urea and creatinine levels

Question 14

causes of renal failure?

Answer 14

ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia nephrotoxins

Question 15

pre-renal failure and post-renal failure causes?

Answer 15

pre-renal: hypo perfusion, sepsis. post-renal: renal tract obstructions

Question 16

describe chronic renal failure?

Answer 16

classified into 5 stages based on GFR. symptoms occur at stage 4.

Question 17

what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ?

Answer 17

the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

Question 18

causes of chronic renal failure?

Answer 18

diabetes, Reno vascular disease, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease

Question 19

what is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 19

a group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. it may cause a leak of protein or blood into urine

Question 20

what are kidney stones?

Answer 20

crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and deposit in the renal tract

Question 21

risk factors of kidney stones?

Answer 21

dehydration, dietary factors, drugs, renal tract abnormalities, recurrent UTI’s, metabolic abnormalities e.g. hyperthyroidism

Question 22

most common renal cancer?

Answer 22

renal cell carcinoma

Question 23

risk factors of renal cancer?

Answer 23

smoking, obesity, hypertension, exposure to asbestos, hereditary conditions

Question 24

signs of renal cancer?

Answer 24

haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass

Question 25

common malignant condition of the bladder?

Answer 25

transitional cell carcinomas

Question 26

symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 26

painless haematuria, frequency, urgency, dysuria

Question 27

treatment of transitional cell carcinomas?

Answer 27

diathermy, cystoscopy for small lesions, chemo/radio, radical cystectomy for late stages

Question 28

describe the prostate?

Answer 28

a gland located at the base of the bladder, helps in the secretion and maintenance of semen and spermatozoa. weighs 20gm.

Question 29

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 29

increase in the number of cells, resulting in the formation of nodules. prostate weighs 60-100gm in this condition.

Question 30

signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 30

increased frequency, hesitancy, nocturia, terminal dribbling, enlarged prostate

Question 31

signs and symptoms of prostatic cancer?

Answer 31

may be asymptomatic, nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling. examination will show hard, irregular prostate

Question 32

describe testicular torsion?

Answer 32

sudden onset of pain in 1 testis. swollen and tender testis, commonly occurs age 11-30.

Question 33

signs and symptoms of testicular torsion?

Answer 33

pain in abdomen, nausea, vomititng,

Question 34

risk factors for testicular tumours?

Answer 34

undescended testis, infant hernia, infertility

Question 35

most common germ cell tumour?

Answer 35

seminoma