Urinary Tract Infections Flashcards
(19 cards)
How can diabetes affect the immune system?
Diabetes can impair the ability of WBCs to fight off infections. This weakened immune response makes it more challenging for the body to control bacterial growth and prevent UTI’s.
What is psoriasin?
Psoriasin is an endogenous antibiotic that is a part of the innate immune system
What is psoriasin’s role in the immune system?
Psoriasin helps maintain the integrity of the urinary bladder epithelial barrier, which prevents bacteria from crossing into deeper tissues.
What happens when psoriasin levels are low?
Low psoriasin levels can be explained by high glucose levels. This causes the epithelial barrier to be weakened, which lets bacteria easily proliferate and establish an infection in the bladder.
What are the 2 types of infections in the urinary tract?
- Upper tract infection, which affects the ureters and above
- Lower the risk of infection that affects the bladder and urethra
What can lower tract infections lead to?
- Urethritis
- Prostatitis
- Cystitis
What can upper tract infections lead to?
- Pyelonephritis
What is cystitis, and its symptoms?
Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder. The symptoms are dysuria, increased urinary frequency and hematuria
What are the causes and treatment of cystitis?
The cause of cystitis is a bacterial infection of the bladder, and it can be treated with antibiotics.
What is prostatitis, and its symptoms?
Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate glands in males. The symptoms are fever, pain in the pelvic area and difficulty urinating.
What are the causes and treatment of prostatitis?
The cause of prostatitis is a bacterial infection, and it can be treated with antibiotics, pain relievers and supportive therapies.
What is urethritis, and its symptoms?
Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms are dysuria, increased urinary frequency and urethral discharge.
What are the causes and treatment of urethritis?
The cause of urethritis is often caused by STIs or excessive glucose in urine. The treatments are often antibiotics to treat the infection.
What is pyelonephritis, and its symptoms?
Pyelonephritis is when bacteria from lower UTI’s such as cystitis, travels up the ureters and infect the kidneys. The symptoms are fever, flank pain, nausea and painful or frequent urination
What is the cause and treatment for pyelonephritis?
The cause for pyelonephritis is bacteria originating from the bladder travelling the the kidneys. Some bloodborne infections can also lead to it. The treatments are antibiotics, especially through an IV, to help prevent the spread of infection.
What is the pathogenesis of UTIs?
The bacteria that cause UTIS typically enter the bladder via the urethra. It can also come from the upper area, like blood, or the digestive system. It moves up to the bladder and colonises, metabolises, flourishes and grows to cause small biofilm formations that resist the body’s immune response and move to the upper parts, where it spreads around the kidneys, which spreads the infection.
What is the role of Gram-negative bacteria in UTIs?
The majority of GNB are the cause of UTIs. E. coli (GNB) is a common inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and is responsible for the majority of UTIs.
What is the structure of Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which is again surrounded by an outer membrane, making it resistant to antibiotics.
What is the structure of Gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan. This makes it more susceptible to antibiotics.
