Urine 1 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Urine Gross Examination
A. Observations made without the aid of a microscope
B. Urine Volume
pu/pd
Polyuria = increased urine volume
Polydipsia = increased water intake
a. Pale urine, low SG
b. Sign of disease = nephritis, diabetes, pyometra, liver
c. Also seen after diuretics, corticosteroids, or fluids
Polyuria
increased urine volume
Polydipsia
increased water intake
pu/pd
a. Pale urine, low SG
b. Sign of disease = nephritis, diabetes, pyometra, liver
c. Also seen after diuretics, corticosteroids, or fluids
Oliguria
a. Decreased urine output
b. Seen with fever, shock, decreased fluids, heart disease, dehydration
Anuria
a. Complete lack of urine output
b. UT obstruction, death
Urine Color
- Normal color = yellow due to urochromes
- Degree of yellow depends on concentration: Increased SG = increased color
- Colorless = low SG
- Yellow-brown/green-yellow foam = bile pigments
- Red/red-brown = blood
a. Cloudy = intact RBC = hematuria
b. Clear = hemoglobin = hemoglobinuria
Urine Transparency
- Clear
- Cloudy = obstruction of light
Usually due to presence of sediment: RBC, WBC, crystals, cells, mucus, fat, casts, bacteria - Flocculent – particles suspended and able to be seen with unaided eye
- Normal – clear except in horses and rabbits – cloudy due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals
Urine Odor
- Ammonia odor indicates urease producing bacteria – if freshly voided= bacteria in bladder (cystitis)
- Sweet, fruity odor = ketones = diabetes, acetonemia (cows), pregnant ewe disease
Urine Foam
- Small amount of white foam is normal
- Increased protein = increased foam
- Greenish foam = bile
Specific Gravity
- Weight of quantity of liquid as compared to weight of equal amount of distilled water
- Isosthenuric = 1.010
- Proportional to amount of solutes dissolved in urine
- Increased SG = increased solute concentration
Decreased water intake, increased excretion of urine solutes (glucose, protein) - Decreased SG = decreased solute concentration
Increased fluid intake, pyometra, d. insipidus, liver/renal, diuretics
Chem Strip
Must be stored properly – no sunlight, air, water
pH
- Measure of alkalinity or acidity
- Normal pH of urine dependent on diet
- Decreased pH (acid)
- Increased pH (alkaline)
Normal pH of urine dependent on diet
a. Vegetable = alkaline
b. Increased protein or animal origin = acid
Decreased pH (acid)
a. Fever, starvation, increased protein, acidosis
b. Excessive muscular activity, drugs
Increased pH (alkaline
a. Alkalosis, UT infection, urease-producing bacteria b. Obstruction, drugs
Protein of chem strip
- Normal in small amounts in expressed or voided sample
- Not normally present in cysto or catheter
- Can increase due to increased protein, strenuous exercise
- If abnormal, generally a UT problem, not systemic
Glucose of chem strip
- Glucosuria or glycosuria
- Hyperglycemia or increased b.g. levels =diabetes
- High carbohydrate meal can cause. Use 24 hr fast
- Fear, excitement, restraint = glucosuria due to epinephrine release
Ketones of chem strip
- Formed during fatty acid breakdown
- Increased because of excess amount of fat broken down instead of carbohydrate metabolism
- Ketonuria = ketosis in lactating cows and pregnant ewes and cows
- Ketosis is associated with hypoglycemia – caused by carbohydrate intake not keeping up with energy needs
- Diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin required for glucose utilization
- High fat diet, starvation, fasting, vomiting/diarrhea,liver disease
Blood in Chem Strip
- Hematuria
a. Urogenital tract
b. Minute blood – color change not seen
occult blood – must be detected by sediment or chemistry
c. <5 RBC pHpf = normal
d. Estrus (heat) in dogs may cause RBC
