Urine 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Formed Elements of Urine
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Transitional (Caudate)
- Renal
Squamous Epithelial Cells
a. Urethra
b. Bottom 1/3 of bladder
c. Not significant indicator of pathology
Transitional (Caudate) cells
a. Upper portion of bladder, ureter, pelvis of kidney
b. Significant if in large numbers = cystitis
Renal cells
a. Renal Tubules
b. Small, round cells – active degeneration of tubules
Red Blood Cells
a. < 5RBC/hPf considered normal
b. May appear crenated in concentrated urine
c. May appear as ghost cells in dilute urine
d. 1+ 3-8RBC/hpf
2+ 9-30RBC/hpf
3+ >30, but less than packed RBC/hpf
4+ Packed field or TNTC
White Blood Cells
a. Granular cells
b. Few would be considered normal <10/hpf
c. Increased = pyuria, UTI
d. 1+ 6-20 WBC/hpf
2+ 21-50 WBC/hpf
3+ >50 WBC but less than packed field
4+ Packed field or TNTC
Fat
a. Highly refractile, spherical bodies of various sizes
b. Common in cats, lubricant, obesity, d. mellitus, hypothyroid
Crystals
a. Crystalluria
b. Type of crystal formed depends on pH and concentration
Alkaline Crystals
1) Triple phosphate, struvite – coffin lids
2) Amorphous phosphate – granular precipitation- grow into Triphos
3) Calcium carbonate – horses, dumbbell shape
Slight Alkaline Crystals
1) Calcium oxalate- can tolerate slight alkaline but prefer acid
2) Square with X on them
Acid Crystals
1) amorphous urates – granular precipitation
2) Uric acid – Dalmatians – flat, square
3) Calcium oxalate
Toxicities and cyrstals
1) Leucine, tyrosine
a) Chloroform, phosphorous toxicities (in lawn products)
b) Acute liver disease
2) Oxalate
a) Form of calcium oxalate crystals
b) Ethylene glycol toxicity
Junk
a. Artifacts
b. Hair, fecal matter, plant, bacteria, fungi, fecal parasites
Casts
- Formed in renal tubules where acidity is the greatest
2. Formed from precipitated protein with stuff present at time of formation
Types
Hyaline
Cellular cast
Waxy
Fatty
Hyaline cast
1) Clear, colorless, refractile
2) Cylindrical, parallel sides, smooth rounded ends
3) Mildest form of renal irritation
Cellular cast
1) Epithelial
a) Comprised of renal epithelial- small cell with big nucleus
b) Acute nephritis
inflammation
2) RBC/WBC
a) WBC – indicates infectious process in tubules
b) RBC – inflammation in tubules granular but no big nucleus
Granular cast
1) Degenerating cellular components
2) Or indication of interstitial nephritis
Waxy cast
1) Wider, square ends
2) Opaque
3) Chronic severe degeneration in tubules
Fatty cast
1) Small droplets of fat – refractile
2) Cats with renal disease – normal in cats
Mucus
a. Can be confused with casts
b. Do not have well defined edges – look like twisting ribbon
c. Normal in horses, may indicate urethral irritation or contamination of the sample with genital secretions
Spermatozoa
a. Easily recognized
b. Motile
c. Not significant
Parasites
a. Can be seen due to urinary parasites or fecal contamination at time of collection
b. In UT:
1) Capillaria plica – bladder worm – cats/dogs
2) Dioctophymarenale – kidney worm -dogs
3) Stephanurusdentatus – kidney worm - pigs
Uroliths
a. Urolithiasis
b. Calculi (stones) – minerals in the UT
d. Urolithiasis a problem in castrated male ruminants. Causes urethral blockages
