Urine Analysis 🧻 Flashcards
(48 cards)
Which urine collection method has the least risk of contamination?
Cystocentesis
Cystocentesis produces the most accurate results and can only be performed by a veterinary surgeon.
What is the most commonly used additive for urine sample preservation?
Boric acid
Boric acid is used for bacterial culture.
What should be done with urine samples if immediate analysis is not feasible?
Place in the fridge
This helps preserve the sample until analysis can be performed.
What is the normal volume of urine production in cats and dogs?
1-2 ml/kg/hr or 24 - 48 ml/kg/day
Volume can be affected by diet, exercise, breed, and disease processes.
Define polyuria.
Increased urine production (over 90 ml/kg/day)
Polyuria is often accompanied by polydipsia, which is increased drinking.
What is oliguria?
Reduced urine production
Oliguria indicates that the amount of urine produced is less than normal.
What is anuria?
No urine production
Anuria is a severe condition that requires immediate veterinary attention.
What color is normal urine in cats and dogs?
Translucent and pale yellow to deep amber
Urine color can vary based on hydration and diet.
What can cause rabbit and guinea pig urine to appear turbid (cloudy)?
Calcium carbonate crystals
Rabbit and guinea pig urine can also vary in color, being yellow, red, or brown depending on diet.
What does red urine indicate?
Haematuria - Red blood cells in urine
What does red-brown urine indicate?
Haemoglobinuria - Haemoglobin from ruptured red blood cells
What does orange-yellow-green urine indicate?
Bilirubinuria - Bile pigments in urine
Which drug can cause purple urine?
Phenothiazines (ACP)
Which drug can cause orange urine?
Tetracyclines (an antibiotic)
What is the normal specific gravity (USG) range for cats?
1.035 - 1.060
Values outside this range indicate dilution or concentration of urine.
What is the normal specific gravity (USG) range for dogs?
1.015 - 1.045 (ideally over 1.030)
What is the normal specific gravity (USG) range for rabbits and guinea pigs?
1.005 -1.050
What does a USG reading below the normal range indicate?
Urine is too diluted
May suggest renal issues or overhydration.
What does a USG reading above the normal range indicate?
Urine is too concentrated
Could indicate dehydration or renal concentrating ability issues.
What is the most common method for measuring USG?
Using a refractometer
More reliable than urine dipsticks for specific gravity measurement.
What is the first step in using a refractometer?
Calibrate with distilled water
Ensures accuracy in measurements.
Fill in the blank: Urine has a characteristic ______ odour.
sour
Abnormal smells can indicate various conditions.
What abnormal smell is associated with bacterial infection?
Ammonia- Very pungent
Often indicates old urine with bacterial contamination.
Bile pigments/bilirubin is normally positive in what % of cats and dogs?
Dogs 20%
Cats 5%
