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Blood > Urine - Gross and Chemical Exam > Flashcards

Urine - Gross and Chemical Exam Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Hilus

A

Indented part of kidney where vessels, nerves, and ureter enters/leaves

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2
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Funnel-like beginning of the ureter

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3
Q

Nephrons

A

Part of kidney that does the work
* renal corpuscle
* proximal convoluted tubules
* loop of Henle
* distal convoluted tubules
* collecting tubule

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4
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Glomerulus surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

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5
Q

Flow and Production of Urine

A
  1. Blood enters glomerulus
  2. Plasma with waste filtered by PCT
  3. Moves through nephron and is modified
  4. Collecting tubules (now urine)
  5. Renal pelvis
  6. Ureter
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6
Q

Define

Anuria

A

No urine formation

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7
Q

Define

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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8
Q

Define

Dysuria

A

Difficult or painful urination

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9
Q

Define

Glomerular Filtrate

A

Fluid that passes from the blood through the glomerulus

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10
Q

Define

Glomerular Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney without infection

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11
Q

Define

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

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12
Q

Define

Hemoglobinuria

A

Hemoglobin in the urine
* will not show intact RBC
* see with autoimmune disease

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13
Q

Define

Isosthenuria

A
  • Urine with “fixed” SG similar to plasma and glomerular filtrate
  • 1.010
  • Kidneys have neither concentrated or diluted
  • Frequently seen in animals with chronic renal disease
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14
Q

Define

Myoglobinuria

A

Myoglobin in the urine
* protein from muscle breakdown
* brown urine that won’t spin out
* see with DIC as well

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15
Q

Define

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

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16
Q

Define

Oliguria

A

Decreased urine volume

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17
Q

Define

Polyuria

A

Abnormal increase in urine volume

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18
Q

Define

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney with bacteria

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19
Q

Define

Pyouria

A

Pus in the urine

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20
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Frequent urination

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21
Q

Methods of Urine Collection

A
  • Void
  • Manual expression of bladder
  • Catheterization
  • Cystocentesis
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22
Q

Voided Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Easy
  • Fast
  • Noninvasive
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23
Q

Voided Urine Collection

Disadvantages

A
  • Nonsterile
  • Can’t be used for bacterial exam or culture
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24
Q

Manual Expression of Bladder Urine Collection

Advantages

A
  • Used for back neurological damage
  • Done with sedation/anesthesia
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25
Manual Expression of Bladder Urine Collection | Disadvantages
* Nonsterile * Animals object * Possible bladder rupture or trauma leading to hematuria
26
Catheterization Urine Collection | Advantages
* Decreased amount of contamination * Preferred for urinary tract obstructions * Easiest in male dogs
27
Catheterization Urine Collection | Disadvantages
* Not completely sterile * Trauma to urethra/bladder * More difficult in cats and female dogs
28
Cystocentesis Urine Collection | Advantages
* Preferred for microbiology * Quick * Most animals tolerate * True urinary bladder sample
29
Cystocentesis Urine Collection | Disadvantages
* Need a fairly full bladder * Skill required to perform
30
Handling Urine Samples
* 1st AM sample best - most concentrated * Run within 30 minutes of collection * Refrigerate up to 6 hours * Small amount of formaline can be used to preserve - do this AFTER chemical and gross exam
31
Changes to Urine Allows to Sit
* Decreased glucose and bilirubin * Increased pH due to bacterial breakdown (urea to ammonia) * Increased cloudiness and production of crystals, or existing crystals melt * Casts disintegrate as pH changes * Increased bacteria - gram negative rods double every 20 minutes
32
What is Included in Gross Urine Exams
* Color * Transparency * Odor * Specific Gravity * Volume
33
Normal Urine Color
Yellow to Amber
34
Pale Urine Color
* High fluid consumption * Diuretic therapy * Diabetes * Cushings
35
Dark Urine Color
Dehydration
36
Pink to Red Urine Color
* Hemoglobinuria * Myoglobinuria (muscle disease) * Hematuria
37
Differentiate Red Pigmenturia
Centrifuge Urine * Red Sediment = Hematuria Red Supernatant - Look at Plasma Color * Clear = Myoglobinuria * Red = Hemaglobinuria
38
Yellow to Orange Urine Collor
Increased bilirubin
39
Brown to Black Urine Color
* Bilirubin * Methemoglobin
40
White Urine Color
Pyouria
41
Cloudy Urine Causes
* Amorphous phosphates * WBCs * Bacteria * Mucous * Fat
42
Causes of Odor in Urine
* Fruity: ketonuria * Pungent/Ammonia: bacteria * Not diagnostic, but can be helpful
43
Specific Gravity
* Density of urine compared to pure water * Measures concentration and diluting ability of kidneys * First function to be lost as a result of tubular damage
44
Normal SG
* No true "normal" value * 1.003 - 1.035 average * Dogs can go up to 1.060 * Cats can go up to 1.080
45
# SG Distilled Water
1.000
46
High vs Low SG
* High = Dehydration / Shock * Low = Renal Disease, Diuretics, PU/PD
47
Azotemia
Increase in BUN / Creatinine within blood
48
Prerenal Azotemia
Reduced renal perfusion in dehydration / shock * High SG
49
Renal Azotemia
Inability of tubules to concetrate or dilute urine * isosthenuria * 2/3 of kidneys are nonfunctional
50
Postrenal Azotemia
Blockage of urine output
51
# Chemical Exam pH
* Largely determined by diet * Normal is acidic (less than 7) * Alkaline in cystitis due to urea-splitting bacteria, or with urine allowed to sit due to bacterial action
52
Urine pH | Alkaline vs Acidic
pH is associated with the hydrogen ion concentration * increased ions = acidic * decreased ions = alkaline
53
Increased Acidity of Urine pH | Seen With
* Carnivores * Severe diarrhea * Starvation * Diabetic ketosis (ER!)
54
Increased Alkalinity of Urine pH | Seen With
* UTI * Renal failure * Herbivores
55
# Chemical Exam Protein
* Trace is ok * If proteinuria, but no infection - problem is glomerular origin
56
# Chemical Exam Glucose
* Blood glucose threshold is 180 mg/dL (dogs) and 300 mg/dL (cats) * Above this, BG spills into urine * Glycosuria can occur with reduced reabsorptive capabilities - predisposes to bacterial cystitis * Glycosuria may not be detected with prolonged urine due to bacterial metabolism
57
# Chemical Exam Bilirubin
* Some ok in dogs * Any in cats is significant - higher threshold * Can be broken down in sunlight / artificial light * Can indicate liver disease * Confirm dipstick positive with Ictotest (more sensitive)
58
# Chemical Exam Leukocytes
Completely unreliable in animals * cats will always have false positives
59
# Chemical Exam Ketones
* Found when fat metabolism replaces carbohydrate metabolism for energy * Occurs with starvation and diabetes * Can be lost with air exposure - test urine immediately
60
# Chemical Exam Urobilinogen
* Produced in intestine by bacterial reduction of bilirubin * Indicates that bile duct is partially open * Absence indicates bild duct obstruction * Test is low sensitivity - little interpretive value

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