Urolithiasis

Question 1

what chemicals are likely to precipitate?

Answer 1

Mg+
NH4+
PO4-
Ca
Ox

Question 2

are feline uroliths indications of disease?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what do feline uroliths indicate?

Answer 3

supersaturation of urine
often will not develop uroliths

Question 4

what are urate uroliths associated with?

Answer 4

portosystemic shunts

Question 5

are feline struvite uroliths usually sterile?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

how can you treat felines for hypercalcemia?

Answer 6

high fiber diet
avoid acidifying diets
prednisone
biphosphonates
chia seeds

Question 7

what should you screen cats with calcium oxalate uroliths for?

Answer 7

hypercalcemia

Question 8

how can you tell a cat has hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Answer 8

mild to severe elevations in total calcium
ionized calcium elevations
PTH 0
PTHrp measurable

Question 9

what can cause hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Answer 9

lymphoma
squamous cell carcinoma
others

Question 10

what are feline calcium oxalate uroliths often due to?

Answer 10

idiopathic hypercalcemia

Question 11

what are the treatment options for feline calcium oxalate uroliths?

Answer 11

surgery
percutaneous cystolithotomy
urohydropulsion

Question 12

what should urine specific gravity be for cats with calcium oxalate uroliths?

Answer 12

less than 1.030

Question 13

how can you diagnose feline uroliths?

Answer 13

abdominal radiographs
abdominal ultrasound
percutaneous antegrade pyelography
diuretic renal scintigraphy
fluoroscopy

Question 14

what are the options for medical management of feline uroliths?

Answer 14

intravenous fluids
alpha antagonists
amitriptyline
glucagon
diuretics

Question 15

why should you go to surgery sooner for a ureterolith?

Answer 15

better return to kidney function the earlier you go

Question 16

what are the majority of feline ureteroliths?

Answer 16

calcium oxalate

Question 17

what are the signs of a canine urolith in the kidney?

Answer 17

signs of uremia
signs of pyelonephritis
no clinical signs

Question 18

what does treatment of canine uroliths depend on?

Answer 18

urolith location
clinical presentation

Question 19

what are the options for canine nephroliths and cystic calculi?

Answer 19

surgical removal
medical dissolution
voiding hydropropulsion
percutaneous antegrade pyelography

Question 20

how does lithotripsy work?

Answer 20

high frequency sound waves “shatter” uroliths

Question 21

what are some inhibitors of precipitation?

Answer 21

citrate
glycosaminoglycans

Question 22

what urolith types are common in cats?

Answer 22

struvite- calcium ammonium phosphate
calcium-oxalate

Question 23

what diets are for dissolution of struvite uroliths?

Answer 23

low-magnesium
urine acidifying

Question 24

what is usually elevated in idiopathic hypercalcemia?

Answer 24

total calcium
ionized calcium
PTH

Question 25

how can you treat hypercalcemia in a diet?

Answer 25

high fiber avoid acidifying diets- mobilize calcium chia seeds

Question 26

how can you identify hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Answer 26

elevated total calcium elevated ionized calcium PTHrP measurable PTH 0

Question 27

what does primary hyperparathyroidism cause on bloodwork?

Answer 27

elevated total calcium elevated ionized calcium high PTH

Question 28

what can be found on physical exam with ureteroliths?

Answer 28

unequal kidney size pain on kidney or spinal palpation hematuria

Question 29

what are the options for medical management of ureteroliths?

Answer 29

intravenous fluid therapy alpha-antagonists amitriptyline glucagon diuretics

Question 30

what should you do to stabilize the patient prior to surgery for ureteroliths?

Answer 30

correct hyperkalemia surgery and place sub fluids

Question 31

what are the majority of feline ureteroliths?

Answer 31

calcium oxalate

Question 32

what nephroliths and cystic calculi can be dissolved?

Answer 32

struvite urate cystine?

Question 33

how long should you continue diagnostic imaging for canine stones?

Answer 33

uroliths not visible for 30 days uroliths stable for 60 days >6 months

Question 34

how can you treat ureteroliths in dogs?

Answer 34

diuresis smooth muscle relaxants anti-inflammatory medication analgesics surgery difficult to manage

Question 35

how can you dissolve urate stones?

Answer 35

restrict protein monitor urine pH and alkalinize if needed allopurinol

Question 36

how can you dissolve struvite stones in dogs?

Answer 36

treat infection acidify urine if needed

Question 37

how can you treat cystine stones in dogs?

Answer 37

reduce protein alkalinize urine if needed reduce cystinuria neuter