Use Of Biological Resources (11)

Question 1

Genetic modification in plants is _________ difficult. This is because they’re ________-cellular. You have to introduce a new _________ into plant cells and produce a new plant from these few cells.

Answer 1

More
Multi
Gene

Question 2

What is genetic engineering

Answer 2

Moving useful genes from one organism’s chromosomes to another

Question 3

___________ can be used to cut up DNA or join DNA pieces together

Answer 3

Enzymes

Question 4

_____________ enzymes recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points

Answer 4

Restriction

Question 5

___________ enzymes are used to join 2 pieces of DNA together

Answer 5

Ligase

Question 6

2 different pieces of DNA stuck together are known as ______________ DNA

Answer 6

Recombinant

Question 7

What is a vector

Answer 7

Something that’s used to transfer something into a cell

Question 8

What can vectors be used to do

Answer 8

Insert DNA into other organisms

Question 9

What are the 2 sorts of vector

Answer 9

Plasmids

Viruses

Question 10

What are plasmids

Answer 10

Small, circular molecules of DNA that can be transferred between bacteria

Question 11

Viruses _________ DNA into the organisms they infect

Answer 11

Insert

Question 12

Genetic engineering:
The DNA you want to insert is cut out with a ________________ enzyme. The __________ DNA is then cut open using the same _______________ enzyme.
The vector DNA and the DNA you’re inserting are mixed together with __________ enzymes
The __________ join the 2 pieces of DNA together to produce ________________ DNA
The _______________ DNA is inserted into other cells.
These cells can now use the gene you inserted to make the protein you want. (E.g. bacteria containing the gene for human insulin can be grown in huge numbers in a ______________)

Answer 12

Restriction
Vector
Restriction
Ligase
Ligases
Recombinant
Recombinant
Fermenter

Question 13

Bacteria that contain the gene for human insulin are ______________

Answer 13

Transgenic

Question 14

What does it mean if something is transgenic

Answer 14

They contain genes transferred from another species

Question 15

Uses of genetically modified plants

Answer 15

Insulin
Biological washing powders
Glucose isomerase
Human growth hormone
Cattle growth hormone
Vaccines
Clotting factors - to treat haemophilia

Question 16

How is genetically modified bacteria useful for humans with diabetes

Answer 16

Large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter

Question 17

What are clones

Answer 17

Genetically identical organisms

Question 18

By what process are plants cloned

Answer 18

By micropropagation (tissue culture)

Question 19

Micropropagation:
A plant with desirable characteristics selected to be cloned. Small pieces (_________) are taken from the _______ of the stems and the side shoot of this plant
The explants are _____________ to kill any ________________
The explants are put in a petri dish containing a __________ medium which contains everything the explants need to grow including ___________ hormones
Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small _________. If large quantities of the plant are required, further ___________ can be taken from these plants etc.
The small plants are then taken out of the medium, planted in ________ and put into glasshouses - they’ll develop into plants that are genetically _____________ to the original

Answer 19

Explants
Tip
Sterilised
Microorganisms
Nutrient
Growth
Explants
Soil
Identical

Question 20

How to clone a mammal:
Remove the __________ of an _______ cell creating an enucleated cell
A diploid _________ (from a different mammal) is inserted in its place
The cell is then stimulated with ______________ so that it starts dividing by ___________, as if it were a normal fertilised egg.
The dividing cell is then implanted into the ___________ of a 3rd mammal until it’s ready to be born
Cloned mammal will be born and it will be identical to the sheep which it shares a ___________ with

Answer 20

Nucleus
Egg
Nucleus
Electricity
Mitosis
Uterus
Nucleus

Question 21

Benefit of cloning:

Answer 21

Useful genetic characteristics will alsways be passed on
Infertile animals can be cloned
Organ transplantation

Question 22

Risks of cloning:

Answer 22

Cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal ones
Difficult, time consuming and expensive
May have unforeseen consequences

Question 23

Ways you artificially create the ideal conditions for photosynthesis:
Keep plants enclosed in a ________________ to keep them safe from ________ and ___________
Give them artificial light after the ______ has gone down
Glasshouses trap heat to keep the plants warm. What might a farmer do in the winter?

Answer 23

Greenhouse/glasshouse
Pests and diseases
Sun
Use a heater

Question 24

Name a great type of heater

Answer 24

A paraffin heater gives off co2 as a by-product

Question 25

If the rate of photosynthesis is increased, the plants will grow ___________ and __________ and crop yields will be ___________

Answer 25

Faster and bigger | Higher

Question 26

How do fertilisers help crop yield

Answer 26

They ensure that the plants have the right nutrients

Question 27

Which elements do plants need in particular

Answer 27

Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorus

Question 28

Why might certain elements be missing from the soil

Answer 28

They may have been used up by a previous crop

Question 29

What are pests

Answer 29

Insects, microorganisms and mammals which feed on crops

Question 30

____________ control is another alternative to using pesticides. It means using other __________ to reduce the numbers of pests

Answer 30

Biological | Organisms

Question 31

How could introducing a predator be useful for crops

Answer 31

It could kill whatever is eating the crops

Question 32

How could introducing a parasite be useful for crops

Answer 32

A parasite (a fly) could lay its eggs on a something eating the crops (a snail) which eventually kill them

Question 33

How could introducing bacteria be useful for crops

Answer 33

Bacteria could affect something that eats crops (a caterpillar)

Question 34

What is a benefit of biologic control

Answer 34

It has longer-lasting effects than spraying pesticides and could be less harmful to wildlife

Question 35

What is a problem with biological control

Answer 35

Introducing new organisms can cause problems (cane toads were introduced to Australia to eat beetles, but now they are a major pest themselves)

Question 36

What is selective breeding

Answer 36

Mating the best organisms to get good offspring

Question 37

Animals are selectively bred to develop good features such as:

Answer 37

``` Maximum yield of meat Maximum yield of milk Good health / disease resistant Speed Fertility ```

Question 38

Plants can be selectively bred to develop good features such as:

Answer 38

Attractive flowers | Nice smell

Question 39

How to selectively breed:

Answer 39

Find the part of your stock with the best characteristics Breed them with each other Select the best offspring and breed them together Continue this process over several generations and it all just gets better and better

Question 40

Selective breeding can be used to ___________ 2 different desirable characters. If you cross-breed 2 different organisms - you can get the perfect ____

Answer 40

Desirable | Mix

Question 41

What are fish farms

Answer 41

Big enclosures or tanks where fish are raised for food

Question 42

Fish farms rear fish in a controlled way that's designed to produce as many ________ as possible

Answer 42

Fish

Question 43

Why are fish kept in cages in sea

Answer 43

To stop them using as much energy swimming about

Question 44

What does the cage protect the fish from

Answer 44

Predators (birds, seals)

Question 45

Fish in a fish farm are fed a diet of food pellets that's carefully controlled to ___________ the amount of energy they get. The better the quality of food, the ___________ and ___________ the fish will grow. Why is this good for us?

Answer 45

Maximise Quicker Bigger We get to eat more (better yield)

Question 46

Young fish are reared in special tanks to ensure what?

Answer 46

As many survive as possible

Question 47

It's important to keep younger fish __________ from bigger fish and to provide regular ________ - this makes sure that the big fish don't eat the little ones. This is __________________ predation

Answer 47

Separate Food Intraspecific

Question 48

Fish kept in cages are more ___________ to disease and parasites

Answer 48

Prone

Question 49

One pest is sea lice, which can be treated with _____________ which kill them. To avoid pesticides, biological pest control can be used instead

Answer 49

Pesticides

Question 50

Fish in a fish farm can be selectively ______ to produce ______ aggressive, _________-growing fish

Answer 50

Bred Less Faster

Question 51

Fish can be farmed in ________ too

Answer 51

Tanks

Question 52

Freshwater fish can be farmed in ponds or indoors in tanks where conditions can be _____________. This is especially useful for controlling the water ____________

Answer 52

Controlled | Quality

Question 53

In tanks, the water can be monitored to check what 3 things

Answer 53

Temperature pH Oxygen levels

Question 54

In tanks, it's easy to control how much ________ is supplied as well as to give exactly the right sort of _________

Answer 54

Food | Food

Question 55

In tanks, the water can be removed and _____________ to get rid of __________ _______ and fish _______. This keeps the water _________ for the fish and avoids ____________ wherever the water ends up

Answer 55

``` Filtered Waste food Poo Clean Pollution ```