Use of Force Exam 8 Flashcards
Chokeholds
The use of a lateral vascular neck restraint, carotid restraint or other action that involves the placement of any part of a law enforcement officer’s body on or around a person’s neck in a manner that limits the person’s breathing or blood flow with the ________ of or with the _______ of causing bodily injury, unconsciousness, or death
intent
result
OODA LOOP
observe
orient
decide
act
de escalation is a _____ and an _____
tactic and outcome
Graham Factors
SIRF
Severity
Immediate
Resisting
Flight
Graham v. Connor
The calculus or reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgements- in circumstances that are _____, ________, and ___________ ________.
tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving
Totality Triangle
Perceived Circumstances (Top)
Perceived Subject Action (Bottom Left)
Reasonable Officer Response (Bottom Right)
an officer use of force decision must be ____ and _____
necessary and proportionate
4 times an officer can/should use force
Lawful arrest or detention
Prevent escape from custody
Prevent imminent harm and use of force is proportionate to the threat
Defend against force from an individual
De-escalation tactics must be ______
feasible
_____ _____ ____ refer to the behaviors or movements of an individual that law enforcement interprets as threatening or indicative of potential aggression, influencing their decision to respond with force or other measures.
Perceived Subject Actions (Left)
_______ _______ _______ refers to the actions taken by law enforcement that are deemed appropriate and justifiable based on the circumstances they face, considering what a similarly trained officer would do in the same situation.
Totality Triangle Bottom Right
Reasonable Officer Response (Right)
________ _______ regarding the use of force involve the situation and context in which someone believes they need to use force
in response to a threat or attack. This could include factors such as the immediacy of the threat, the level of aggression from the other party, the presence of weapons, and the environment in which the encounter takes place. The officer’s perspective will determine whether to use force and the degree of force to be used.
totality triangle top of the triangle
Perceived Circumstances - (Top)
Cannot train it or use it
Chokeholds
Discharging Firearm into MV
Officers shall not discharge any firearm into or at a motor vehicle unless..
The person in the vehicle is threatening the officer with deadly force
The vehicle is operating in a manner deliberately intended to strike an officer or another person.
(Remember) Officers cannot put themselves in the way of the car and cannot fire to strictly disable the car. Officers must have a strong chance of stopping the Target.
Graham v. Connor
A free citizen should be analyzed under the fourth amendment and it’s …
Reasonableness Standard
What are the 4 perceived subject actions
compliant
passive resistance
active resistance
aggressive/combatIve
an officer observes another officer using physical force, including deadly force beyond that which is necessary or objectively reasonable based
which case law?
COMM VS ADAMS
Officers are required to attempt to de-escalate a situation before they use force unless de-escalation tactics are not feasible based on the totality of the circumstances.
de escalation tactics
hill test
3 questions needed to be asked
- Was the person experiencing a medical emergency?
- Was some degree of force reasonably necessary to stop the immediate threat?
- Was the force used more than reasonably necessary under the circumstances (i.e., was it excessive)?
Prohibited use of force
In no event may a law enforcement officer intentionally ___, _____, or _______ on an individual ___ or ____.
In no event may a law enforcement officer intentionally sit, kneel, or stand on an individual’s neck or head.
When can/should officers use force?
First must use de-escalation tactics then if failed.
must be necessary and proportionate
Graham v Connor
Officers’ actions must be ______ _______ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them.
objectively reasonable
Objective Reasonableness is not determined by any particular _____ or _______-
tactic or weapon
An officer use of force decision must be _______ and _________
necessary and proportionate
