Using 3-4 points questions Flashcards
Using 3-4 points, discuss how the ideals of Sun Yat-Sen contributed to the development of the 1911 Xinhai revolution.
Three People’s Principles of
Nationalism
- resentment towards foreign concession of railways
- need to re-assert Chinese power after humiliation of Boxer uprising
Democracy
- progressives angry at lack of reform
- “military unificaion of the country” pushed Wuhan garrison
- push for democracy had created Provincial Assemblies which became revolutionary
People’s Livelihood
- economic grievances
- resentment towards taxes; compounded by natural disaster
- peasant secret societies contributed to revolution
Using three or four points, explain how Mao’s ideas contributed to the development of the Chinese Revolution from 1934 to 1949.
Provide evidence to support your answer.
Focus on peasants rallied peasants behind them
- land law
- began reforms
- improved lives
- therefore, peasants helped RA and signed up to it, expediating the defeat of the Nationalist
The need to consolidate the CCP as a military force/military tactics
- imposed strict discipline in the army
- built it up
- didn’t hold onto land
The need to rectify mistakes in the party and avoid corruption emphasised; contrasted with corrupt Chiang govt
- Rectification campaigns in Yan’an – strengthened party discipline, allowing them to act as an effective and united organization
- contrast with perception of corruption and inefficiency in Chiang regime
- allowed CCP to gain upper hand in the Civil War
Emperor Guanxu
Failure of reforms = reformist gentry dissatisfied
Modernisation of schools and armies = question Qing
Not capable of defending national interest
Didn’t build up popular support
Using 3-4 points, discuss how the ideals and actions of Empress Cixi contributed to revolutionary sentiment.
Reformist gentry - clash with her conservatism
- killed off 100 Days of Reform
New armies
- built up by her decree
- put too much trust in Yuan Shikai
Business class
- suported boxers = economically bad for China
- forced to sell off railways
Yuan Shikai
Helped kill off 100 days of reform, leading to grievances among reformist gentry
Built up New Armies (military modernizer)
Turned against the Qing
Using three of four points, explain how Sun Yat-sen’s ideas and actions contributed to the development of the Chinese Revolution from 1898 - 1924.
First United Front strengthen revolutionary groups
- Whampoa military academy
Three People’s principles inspired revolutionaries
Despite nominally uniting KMT and CCP there remained unresolved contradictions between them that eventually led to conflict
Using three or four points, explain the part Sun Yat Sen played in the revolutionary struggle between 1911 and 1927.
Failed to act as a uniting figure following Xinhai - Yuan Shikai took over
First United Front strengthen revolutionary groups
- Whampoa military academy
Northern Expedition (unification but conflict)
Using 3-4 points, discuss how General Yuan Shikai contributed to the development of the revolution from 1898-1916.
Economic grievances
Nationalist grievances
- 21 Demands
- railroads
Political grievances
- dictatorship
- repression
Using 3-4 points, discuss how Chiang Kai-shek contributed to the development of the revolution.
Repression of Communists – become revolutionary
- Shanghai Massacre
- disease of the heart
Failure to address peasant grievances
Dictatorship + corruption - failure to offer an alternative ideology or more attractice image than the CCP
Zhou Enlai spreading communism
Whampoa - spreading communism
- November 1924 became director of the Academy’s Political Department
- played an important role in establishing the Young Soldiers Association, a youth group which was dominated by the Communists, and Sparks, a short-lived Communist front group
- set up a covert Communist Party branch at the academy to direct the new members
- Zhou’s work at Whampoa came to an end with theZhongshan Warship Incidentof 20 March 1926, in which a gunboat with a mostly Communist crew moved from Whampoa to Guangzhou without Chiang’s knowledge or approval. This event led to Chiang’s exclusion of Communists from the Academy by May 1926, and the removal of numerous Communists from high positions in the Nationalist Party.
- 1937 Under cover of its association with theEighth Route Army, Zhou used the Yangtze Bureau to conduct clandestine operations within southern China, secretly recruiting Communist operatives and establishing Party structures throughout KMT-controlled areas
Zhou Enlai win over masses in countryside
- Zhou left China for the Soviet Union to attend the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) Sixth National Party Congress in Moscow, in June–July 1928
- Zhou delivered a long speech insisting that conditions in China were not favorable for immediate revolution, and that the main task of the CCP should be to develop revolutionary momentum by winning over the support of the masses in the countryside and establishing a Soviet regime in southern China
Zhou Enlai united front
- Reactions to Chiang’s kidnapping inYan’anwere mixed. Some, includingMao ZedongandZhu De, viewed it as an opportunity to have Chiang killed. Others, including Zhou Enlai andZhang Wentian, saw it as an opportunity to achieve a united-front policy against the Japanese
- From then until Christmas Day of 1936, Zhou attempted to negotiate with Chiang and Zhang, proposing a national united-front government with Chiang as leader, a demarcation line between KMT and CPP territories, a national conference including a CCP delegation, and a series of future negotiations in Nanjing.[117]Through days of intense negotiation, exercising extreme caution and courtesy, Zhou was largely successful in reconciling their positions
Li Lisan - called for immediate revolution
June 1930 Li Lisan line, calling for armed uprising in the cities and the extension of the revolution to the whole country.
Li Lisan - propaganda agitation
- Shanghai, assigned to the Anyuan Coal Mine Being the most important labor work leader there, Li greatly increased the number of CPC members and perfected methods of organization. By the end of 1924, there were only 900 CCP members throughout China, 300 of whom came from Anyuan Coal Mine.
- “It was only after the Communist bandit Li Lisan went to Anyuan…that the knowledge of how to organize became widespread. Now workers were speaking up at public meetings and even giving lectures! The Communists at Anyuan greatly valued education but they did not mechanically evangelize Communism like a missionary cramming a religious belief into a worker’s head. At first they focused on literacy and basic knowledge.” secret report prepared during theirrural pacification campaignin 1928
- Li became one of only four standing members of thepolitburoandministerofPropaganda Departmentof the CCP in October 1928.
Li Lisan - Replaced by 28 Bolsheviks = room for Mao to take power
- July 1930, thecommunistarmy under the leadership of Li Lisan captured Changsha inHunanprovince, but KMT troops defeated his forces just a few days later
- Li was replaced by Mif’s protégé,Wang Ming, and his associates in the 28 Bolsheviks took other important jobs.
Zhu De - commander of Red Army
During theSecond Sino-Japanese Warand theChinese Civil War, he held the position ofCommander-in-Chiefof the Red Army[35]and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized theHundred Regiments Offensive
Zhu De - supported Mao in Zunyi
In theZunyi Conference, Zhu supported Mao Zedong’s criticisms of Bo and Braun.[30]After the Zunyi Conference, Zhu coopered with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935, Zhu andLiu Bochengwere with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army.[31][32]When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced byZhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south.[33]The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat throughSichuanProvince. Arriving inYan’an, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao.[34]
Zhu De - contributed to Long March
Zhu’s close affiliation withMao Zedongbegan in 1928 when under the assistance ofChen YiandLin Biao, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng’s protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to theJinggang Mountains.[20]Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into theRed Army, consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control.[21]
In 1931, Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army inRuijinby the CPC leadership.[26]Zhu successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead up to theFourth Counter Encirclement Campaign;[27]however he was not able to do the same during theFifth Counter Encirclement Campaignand the CPC fled.[28]Zhu helped form the 1934 break out that began theLong March.[29]
1911 soldiers
Growth of revolutionary class through new armies
Yuan Shikai
Wuhan Uprising
1911 peasants
Rioting pre-revolution increased semblance of popular lack of support
Sichuan-Hankou revolts – weakened defences in Wuhan
Secret societies provided military force during 1911
Using three or four points, explain how the emergence of revolutionary nationalist groups led to a revolutionary situation by 1911. Provide evidence to support your answer.
Boxer Rebellion
- humiliation
- pushed into dire economic circumstances
Boxer Rebellion - new armies
- radicalized
- Tongmenhui ideology contributed
- Yuan Shikai
Sichuan-Hankou Railway Company
- pushed people to defy Qing
- troops moved to Chengdu from Wuhan
Using 3 - 4 points, discuss how the foreign influence in China lead to revolutionary sentiment in by 1911
Business class
- railways
Workers/business progressives
- Tatsu Maru incident
- closing of radical newspapers
New Armies
- as a result of Boxer Rebellion which stemmed from foreign influence
Using 3 - 4 points, discuss how the failure of the 100 Days of Reform in China lead to revolutionary sentiment in by 1911
Disempowered reformist gentry
Led to more conservative line = failed Boxer Rebellion = economic pressure to seel rights to foreigners and national humiliation
Army - weakened and radicalised
- funds for warships diveted to Cixi boat
- soldiering not looked down on
- growth in New Armies
Using three or four points, explain how the Qing Reforms of 1901–1911 contributed to a revolutionary situation by 1911. Provide evidence to support your answer.
Progressive gentry
Business Class
New Armies
