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chemistry since there's none by school > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What do humans use the Earth’s resources for?

A

Warmth, shelter, food, and transport

This includes both natural and processed resources.

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2
Q

What do natural resources, supplemented by agriculture, provide?

A

Food, timber, clothing, and fuels

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3
Q

What are finite resources processed from?

A

The Earth, oceans, and atmosphere

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4
Q

What role does chemistry play in agriculture and industry?

A

Improving processes to provide new products and support sustainable development

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5
Q

Define sustainable development.

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs

It emphasizes long-term ecological balance.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Natural resources are supplemented by _______ to provide food.

A

Agriculture

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7
Q

What are examples of natural products that are supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products?

A

Rubber, cotton (e.g. polyester), silk, aspirin, dyes

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8
Q

What is water of appropriate quality essential for?

A

Life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved slats and microbes.

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9
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink. It is not pure in the chemical sense because it contains dissolved substances

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10
Q

The methods used to produce potable water depend on what?

A

The available supplies of water and local conditions. In the UK, rain provides water with low levels of dissolved substances that collects in the ground, lakes and rivers.

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11
Q

How is most potable water produced?

A

Choosing an appropriate source of fresh water, passing the water through filter beds, the sterilising

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12
Q

What are some sterilising agents used for potable water?

A

Chlorine, ozone and UV light

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13
Q

What may be required if supplies of fresh water are limited?

A

Desalination of salty water or sea water

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14
Q

How can desalination be done?

A

By distillation, or processes using large membranes such as reverse osmosis, though these processes require large amounts of energy

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15
Q

What are the causes of waste water?

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes

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16
Q

Why does waste water require treatment?

A

It needs to be safe enough to be released back into the environment.
Agricultural and sewage water required removal of organic matter and harmful microbes.
Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals

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17
Q

What are the stages of sewage treatment?

A
  1. Screening and grit removal
  2. Sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  3. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  4. Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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18
Q

Rank the water treatments from easiest to hardest

A

Groundwater is the easiest and cheapest source to purify, followed by waste water (with more complex treatment), and then salt water, which is the hardest and most expensive to make potable.

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19
Q

Why do we use phytomining and bioleaching?

A

Copper ores are becoming scarce, so new methods are used to avoid traditional mining methods of digging moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

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20
Q

How does phytomining work?

A

Plants are grown in metal compound rich soil. The plants are harvested and burned to produce ashes that contain metal compounds

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21
Q

How does bioleaching work?

A

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

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22
Q

How are metals extracted from the compounds produces from phytomining and bioleaching.

A

They can be processed to obtain the metal via e.g. copper compounds can be displaced using scrap iron or by electrolysis

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23
Q

What are life-cycle assessments used for?

A

They are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products in each of the four stages of a products life

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24
Q

What are the four stages of the life-cycle of a product

A
  1. Extraction and processing of raw materials
  2. Manufacturing and packaging
  3. Use and operation during its lifetime
  4. Disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage
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25
Why are LCAs not a purely objective process?
While use of water, resources, energy sources and production of wasted can be easily quantified, allocating numerical values to e.g. pollutant effects requires value judgement, which is subjective
26
How can LCAs be misused?
Selective or abbreviated LCAs can be devised to evaluate a product and misused to reach pre-determined conclusions, e.g. in support of claims for advertising pruposes
27
How can reducing use, reusing products and recycling materials have a positive impact on the environment?
Helps save natural resources, uses less energy, creates less waste, and is better for the environment.
28
What is produced from raw materials?
Metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics, most plastics. Much of the energy for the processes comes from limited resources. Obtaining raw materials from the earth by quarrying and mining causes environmental damage
29
How are metals recycled?
They can be melted and recasted or reformed into different products
30
What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on?
The material and properties required of the final product. For example, some scrap steel can be added to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore
31
What is corrosion?
The destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment
32
What is rusting?
An example of corrosion that occurs with iron when in the presence of both air and water
33
How can corrosion be prevented?
Barrier methods including a coating such as greasing, electroplating or painting.
34
How does aluminium prevent itself from further corrosion.
It reacts with oxygen to create an oxide coating that protects the metal from contact with air and water so protects from corrosion
35
What is sacrificial protection?
When coatings are reactive and contain a more reactive metal to provide sacrificial protection. The coating will corrode more readily than the metal below, e.g. zinc is used to galvanise iron
36
What is bronze?
An alloy of copper and tin
37
What is brass?
An alloy of copper and zinc
38
What is gold used as jewellery typically an alloy of?
Alloy of gold, silver, copper and zinc
39
What is the proportion of gold in an alloy measured in?
Carats 24 Carat is 100% gold, 18 Carat is 75% gold
40
What are steels?
Alloys of iron that contain specific amount soft carbon and other metals
41
Properties of high carbon steel vs low carbon steel?
High: strong but brittle Low: Softer and more easily shaped
42
What do stainless steels contain and what are other properties?
They contain chromium and nickel and are hard and resistant to corrosion
43
How dense are aluminium alloys?
Low density
44
Give a use of brass, bronze, gold, steel and aluminium alloys
Brass: Musical instruments Bronze: statues as it is resistant to corrosion Gold alloys: Jewellery as pure gold is too soft Steel: construction as it is strong Aluminium alloys: Aircrafts as they have low weight but good strength
45
How is soda-lime glass made?
Made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone
46
How is borosilicate glass made, and how does its melting point differ from that of soda-lime
Made from sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher temperature than soda-lime glass
47
How are clay ceramics made?
Made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace e.g. pottery and bricks
48
What do the properties of polymers depend on?
What monomers they are made from and the conditions under which they are made
49
How is low-density polyethene made?
Conditions are under high pressure and temperature with a trace of oxygen
50
How is high-density polyethene made?
Conditions are under lower temperature and pressure but with a catalyst
51
Describe the structure and properties of thermosoftening polymers
Made of individual polymer chains held together by weak intermolecular forces. When heated, these weak forces break easily so the polymer can melt and be reshaped, but has a low melting point
52
Describe the structure and properties of thermosetting polymers
Have polymer chains joined by strong covalent crosslinks. The cross-links don't break when heated, so the polymer does not melt, instead it burns. It therefore cannot be remoulded once set
53
Describe the structure of a composite
They are made of two materials - a matrix that binds together fibres or fragments of the other material, the reinforcement
54
What is the Haber process used for?
To manufacture ammonia which can be used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers
55
What are the raw materials required for the Haber process?
Nitrogen (from the air) and hydrogen (electrolysis of water)
56
Describe the Haber Process
The purified gases are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature (about 450°C) and a high pressure (about 200 atmospheres). Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form ammonia. The reaction is reversible so some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen. In a condenser, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. The remaining gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen which have higher boiling points are recycled back into reaction mixture.
57
Explain the trade-off between rate of production and position of equilibrium in the Haber process
A moderate temperature (450°C) is used to have a faster rate of reaction but slightly lower yield, as lower temp would favour the forward reaction. 200 atm is used to increase yield as fewer molecules of product are there than reactants, so equilibrium is pushed to the right, and high rate but energy use not too expensive or dangerous
58
Why does the Haber process use compromise conditions?
To keep raw materials and energy affordable, while ensuring a reasonable yield (equilibrium), and maintaining a fast enough reaction rate for efficient industrial production.
59
What type of catalyst is used for the Haber process and why?
Iron catalyst speeds up the reaction without affecting equilibrium
60
What are NPK fertilisers and why are they used?
They are formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements. They improve agricultural productivity
61
What is ammonia used to manufacture?
Ammonium salts and nitric acid
62
What can be obtained by mining used for fertilisers?
Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and phosphate rock
63
What substance that is obtained by mining cannot be used directly as a fertiliser and why?
It is not soluble in water, so plants cannot absorb the phosphorus from the soil
64
How is phosphate rock treated to produce soluble salts - why is this done?
Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers

chemistry since there's none by school (9 decks)

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