UT1

Question 1

How does an infection reach the urinary tract?

Answer 1

• Ascending route (most com)

- Haematogenous route.

Question 2

most common bacterial infections acquired in the

community/hospitals

Answer 2

UTI

Question 3

UTI is second most common cause of ___ in hospitalized patients

Answer 3

bacteremia

Question 4

Who gets uncomplicated UTI?

Answer 4

Women with acute cystitis or acute pyelonephritis

Question 5

Pregnant lady with UTI, which month determines if its complicated or not?

Answer 5

If she’s pregnant its COMPLICATED regardless of the month.

Question 6

Biofilm formation can be formed by

Answer 6

S. epidermitis

Question 7

Why are postmenopausal women prone to UTI?

Answer 7

high prevalence of cystocele

altered vaginal normal flora bc of estrogen lack

Question 8

common organisms causing UTI

Answer 8

E. coli

Question 9

Urinary tract normal flora

Answer 9

Gardnerella vaginalis

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus sp

Question 10

When do we treat yeast?

Answer 10

If the patient is diabetic

Question 11

most common UTI staph in hospital if the patient is on catheter

Answer 11

epidermitis

Question 12

Most common UTI staph in the community if the

patient is a young sexually active female is

Answer 12

saprophyticus

Question 13

Virulence factors of uropathogens

Answer 13

Adhesions
Enzymes
Toxins
Sidosphores

Question 14

Sidosphores

Answer 14

iron acquisition

Question 15

UPEC are different from other E. coli strains in

Answer 15

that it inhabits GI

Question 16

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is characterized from other E.coli strains by

Answer 16

Biofilm formation

urothelial cell invasion a

Question 17

What’s different if u can’t find pyuria ?

Answer 17

The diagnostic criteria changes

Question 18

What specimens do we reject?

Answer 18

Leaking container
foley Cath. tip
bedpan urine
24-h urine (pooled urine)

Question 19

+ abt suprapubic aspiration?

done for who?

Answer 19

Avoid contamination

pediatrics

Question 20

Which urine collection method might introduce bacteria into the bladder ?

Answer 20

Single catheter

Question 21

Single catheter used for

Answer 21

patients with quadraplagia

Question 22

Most common urine collection method ?

Answer 22

midstream technique

Question 23

urine from midstream technique might be contaminated by ___

Answer 23

commensal bacteria from distal urethra.

Question 24

urine specimens must be CULTURED within ___

Answer 24

2 hrs unless refrigerated/preserved

Question 25

NON-CULTURE METHODS FOR THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF UTI

Answer 25

Microscopy | chemical

Question 26

What can be found in urine microscopy

Answer 26

Pus cells RBC Epithelial cells Bacteria

Question 27

Gram staining + and -?

Answer 27

+: immediate infooo -: insensitive (requires specific concentration) and tooo much work

Question 28

conc. required for gram stain?

Answer 28

10^5

Question 29

PYURIA

Answer 29

the presence of at least 10 leukocytes/mm3 of un-centrifuged urine or 5-10 if centrifuged

Question 30

When do UTI produce pyuria without bacteriuria?

Answer 30

TB Chlamydia Mycoplasma

Question 31

bacteria produce ____ reducing enzyme

Answer 31

nitrAte

Question 32

nitrite test is useless when

Answer 32

agent not a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae

Question 33

nitrite test is tested when?

Answer 33

FIRST thing in the morningg

Question 34

The main reason for esterase production?

Answer 34

neutrophils

Question 35

Routine cultures include

Answer 35

sheep blood agar (SBA) and MacConkey’s agar(MAC)

Question 36

Which culturing methods is used?

Answer 36

Semi-quantitative (Standard loop)

Question 37

Blood agar gives a ___ measurement of bacteriuria

Answer 37

quantitative

Question 38

MacConkey’s gives ____ of the bacteria

Answer 38

presumptive diagnosis

Question 39

What to do if you found significant bacteriuria? and what's the count?

Answer 39

antibiotics, more than 10^5

Question 40

What to do if you found doubtful significance bacteriuria? the count?

Answer 40

another specimen, 10^4-10^5

Question 41

When to treat non-significant bacteria growth and what's the limit?

Answer 41

<10^3 | pregnancy and cystitis

Question 42

how does Proteus spp grow and where?

Answer 42

Swarming growth on blood agar

Question 43

E coli grows on ___ and is oxidase pos/neg

Answer 43

lactose fermenter, negativve

Question 44

pseudomonas is oxidase pos/neg

Answer 44

positive

Question 45

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus is ___ resistant

Answer 45

novobiacin

Question 46

False-negative results are due to

Answer 46

Recent antibiotic use

Question 47

In which of the following patients, is treatment for UTI considered unnecessary? A- E.coli B- pseudomonas C- A. Hemolytic streptococci D- klebsilla

Answer 47

C- A. Hemolytic streptococci

Question 48

2- what is the most common cause of UTI in hospitalized patients ? A- E.Coli B- S.saprophyticus C- Pseudomonas D- S. Epidermitis

Answer 48

A- E.Coli