UUKIC 1 Flashcards
Define globalisation!
We can say that it refers to the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide
Complex process, significantly influences modern society all over the world
When and why did globalisation start?
Started and accelerated in the 18th century due to the advances in transportation and communication technology
Academic literature commonly divides globalisation into what three major areas?
Economic globalisation, cultural globalisation, political globalisation
Define economic globalisation! Give examples!
Economic globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies around the world. It involves the free flow of goods, services, capital, and information across national borders. This process is facilitated by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication.
Removal of cross-border trade barriers (European Union, Schengen Agreement)
Define cultural globalisation! Give examples!
Cultural globalisation refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations
A way in which it spreads is through the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel
Extended social relations, crossing national and regional borders
Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge
Define political globalisation! Give examples!
Political globalisation refers to the growth of the worldwide political system
One of the key aspects of political globalisation is the declining importance of the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene –> entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority
Example: dual citizenship
Define multiculturalism!
Cultural globalisation brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures and so we speak of multiculturalism
Define multiple citizenship!
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality, is a person’s citizenship status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states
* Some people are citizens of multiple nation-states (Germany and Turkey, Germany and Croatia)
Explain the impact of globalisation on human rights!
Many international documents have emerged due to international contacts and agreements. Still, globalisation is very often seen as the root of much exploitation by multinational companies and other forms of human rights abuses
Rich people become more affluent and poor people have less and less money and other possessions
Explain the impact of globalisation on education!
Numerous consequences; Example: the Bologna Declaration from 1999, proposed a European Higher Education Area in which students and graduates could move freely between countries, using prior qualifications in one country as acceptable entry requirements for further study in another
The European Commission initiated different exchange programmes in education between EU countries, and they included non-EU countries (Erasmus, Erasmus Plus)
Globalisation gave an impetus to school reform –> school reform at ALL levels has been continued (not only changing the school systems but also the actual schools and how they look)
Explain the impact of globalisation on language learning!
Negative: many languages have disappeared or are in the process of disappearance; Google Translate doesn’t offer many of the existing languages
Positive: The current globalisation processes require the knowledge of a foreign language; more and more people are becoming bilingual / multilingual
The use of English has been on the rise! English as a Global Language, English as a Lingua Franca, World English(es), International English
What’s the difference between a developed and a developing country? How is globalisation influencing their relation?
A developed country (or industrialised country, more economically developed country) – a country that has a high quality of life, developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure compared to other less industrialised nations
A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries
Developed countries impose economic rules, policies, cultural values, social norms and even language upon the undeveloped ones and some cultures might become diffused and disappear as a result of it
Many young people in smaller countries take needless delight in anything foreign
Some young people of foreign origin in Western countries reject the new culture and even become terrorists
Many refugees have come to Europe and North America as a result of poverty in the Third World
Commercials on television, mass media, smartphones and the Internet enabled people in developing countries to learn about the Western world
Western countries have become multicultural
The gap between developed and developing countries is widening
Explain the sociological theory by Robert Merton!
The sociological theory in its core tells us that concepts connected to culture such as cultural heritage, culture identity or cultural identity, and socialization are closely linked and difficult to separate
What is idiosyncrasy and who defined it?
The concept of idiosyncrasy in general is the relationship of the concepts of “culture”, “cultural heritage”, and “cultural capital” (as defined by Pierre Bourdieu)
Define identity!
Identity is defined as “a sense of self”, and it is formed through the process of socialization in the family, as well as through formal and “hidden” curriculum during education.
What are the three basic types of identity?
Individual / personal identity, social and national / cultural.
What two main views of identity exist?
It being fixed and unique to every individual (Hymes, Halliday, etc.) or it being formed, changeable, through social, historical and political contexts (sociocultural perspective)
Define the concept of social identity!
Our social identities are both defined by social groups into which we are born (gender, social class, religion, race, etc.) and those we choose to participate in and are available in our communities
These institutions give shape to the kinds of groups to which we have access and to the role relationships we can establish with others
Define habitus (Pierre Bourdieu)
The way a person of a particular background perceives and reacts to the world; how they act, feel and think
When we come together in a communicative event, we perceive ourselves and others in the manner in which we have been socialized ; *we view others in a way in which we have been taught to
Who we are, who we think others are, and who others think we are, affect the way we communicate!
What is agency?
One’s socioculturally negotiated ability or willingness to take action within specific sociocultural contexts; * agency refers to an individual’s capacity to act and make choices within the constraints of their social and cultural environment
Explain Gidden’s theory of structuration!
We, as individual agents, shape and, at the same time, are given shape by social structures – conventionalized, established ways of doing things
Individual agency is a semiotic activity, a social construction, something that has to be routinely created and sustained in the reflexive activities of the individual
What do interactional linguistics by John Gumperz tell us about?
Contextualization cues: any verbal sign which, when processed at the same time with symbolic grammatical and lexical signs, serves to construct the contextual ground for situated interpretations and thereby affects how constituent messages are understood.
(the cues tell people how to interpret meaning of a particular message in a conversation)
What is the co-construction of identity?
We have multiple and different identities, they build up and change every day through different interactions
We take on a variety of identities defined by our memberships in social groups
Speech stylization?
Stylization involves reflexive communicative action in which speakers produce specially marked and often exaggerated representations of languages, dialects and styles that lie outside their habitual repertoire…
