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Microbiology > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

active acquired immunity

A

the body makes antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen

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2
Q

primary active acquired immunity

A

getting the disease and making antibodies

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3
Q

secondary active acquired immunity

A

getting a vaccine and making antibodies

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4
Q

passive acquired immunity

A

patients are given antibodies from someone else

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5
Q

naturally acquired immunity

A

education of the adaptive immune system through natural events

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6
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

mimicking natural events to educate the adaptive immune system

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7
Q

example of naturally acquired immunity

A

getting sick from someone sneezing on you

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8
Q

example of artificially acquired immunity

A

vaccines

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9
Q

natural active immunity

A

immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after exposure to an infectious agent

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10
Q

artificial active immunity

A

immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after vaccination

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11
Q

natural passive immunity

A

immunity that results when antibodies from a woman are transferred to her developing fetus during pregnancy or to an infant during breastfeeding

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12
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

immunity that results when antibodies contained in the serum of other people or animals are injected into an individual

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13
Q

vaccines

A

pathogen or pathogen products used to induce active immunity

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14
Q

vaccines provide protection for __________ and ___________

A

individual and population

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15
Q

herd immunity

A

if enough people in a population are vaccinated for an illness, susceptible individuals who cannot get the vaccine are protected from the illness

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16
Q

what is the critical level for herd immunity to be achieved?

A

80-85%

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of vaccines?

A
  1. attenuated
  2. inactivated
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18
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

viable microbe with reduced pathogenicity that should not cause disease

19
Q

inactivated vaccine

A

live microbe that is killed when it enters your body

20
Q

how do attenuated vaccines work?

A

contains a weakened pathogen that should not cause the disease
1. the pathogen replicates in the host
2. an immune response to non-pathogenic strain will protect against pathogenic strain

20
Q

growth conditions for attenuated vaccines

A
  • want mutations
  • grown in animal cells
  • genetic manipulation
21
Q

disadvantages of attenuated vaccines

A
  • can induce disease in immunosuppressed patients
  • need to be refrigerated
21
Q

advantages of attenuated vaccines

A
  • 1-2 doses can produce long-lasting immunologic memory
  • attenuated microbe can spread to other individuals and vaccinate them
22
Q

can attenuated vaccines be given to pregnant women?

A

no

23
Q

how do inactivated vaccines work?

A

unable to replicate because they’re dead, but can still induce a limited immune response

24
Q

is the response to an inactivated vaccine stronger or weaker than an attenuated vaccine?

A

weaker

25
Q

what type of vaccine typically contains an adjuvant?

A

inactivated vaccines

26
Q

what does an adjuvant do?

A

enhances the immune memory response

27
Q

what are the 6 types of inactivated vaccines?

A
  • inactivated whole agent
  • toxoid
  • subunit
  • VLP (virus-like particle)
  • polysaccharide
  • conjugate
28
Q

inactivated whole agent inactivated vaccine

A

whole pathogen treated with chemical that does not change surface epitopes

29
Q

toxoid inactivated vaccine

A

altered toxin

30
Q

subunit inactivated vaccine

A

broken up pathogens (only contains portions of pathogens)

31
Q

VLP inactivated vaccine

A

empty capsids made via genetic engineering

32
Q

polysaccharide inactivated vaccine

A

contains polysaccharides from the capsules of infectious organisms

33
Q

T-independent antigen responses

A

learned over time as we grow and develop

34
Q

conjugate inactivated vaccine

A

link polysaccharide to carrier protein for a stronger immune response

35
Q

which vaccine produces T-independent antigen responses?

A

polysaccharide inactivated vaccine

36
Q

which vaccine produces T-dependent responses?

A

conjugate inactivated vaccine

37
Q

advantages of inactivated vaccines

A
  • cannot cause infection
  • many do not need to be refrigerated
38
Q

disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

A
  • weak immune response
  • require boosters
  • adjuvants can induce a strong inflammatory response
39
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

contain instructions for making a protein and can act as their own adjuvant

40
Q

example of mRNA vaccine

A

covid vaccine

41
Q

what diseases are we getting vaccinated for today?

A
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis (whooping cough)
  • tetanus
  • hepatitis B
  • influenza
  • measles
  • mumps
42
Q

successful vaccine campaigns

A
  • polio
  • yellow fever
  • smallpox
  • HPV
  • hepatitis A/B
  • MMR
  • pertussis
  • rabies
  • tetanus
  • meningitis

Microbiology (15 decks)

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