Vaccinations

Question 1

active acquired immunity

Answer 1

the body makes antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogen

Question 2

primary active acquired immunity

Answer 2

getting the disease and making antibodies

Question 3

secondary active acquired immunity

Answer 3

getting a vaccine and making antibodies

Question 4

passive acquired immunity

Answer 4

patients are given antibodies from someone else

Question 5

naturally acquired immunity

Answer 5

education of the adaptive immune system through natural events

Question 6

artificially acquired immunity

Answer 6

mimicking natural events to educate the adaptive immune system

Question 7

example of naturally acquired immunity

Answer 7

getting sick from someone sneezing on you

Question 8

example of artificially acquired immunity

Answer 8

vaccines

Question 9

natural active immunity

Answer 9

immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after exposure to an infectious agent

Question 10

artificial active immunity

Answer 10

immunity that results from an immune response in an individual after vaccination

Question 11

natural passive immunity

Answer 11

immunity that results when antibodies from a woman are transferred to her developing fetus during pregnancy or to an infant during breastfeeding

Question 12

artificial passive immunity

Answer 12

immunity that results when antibodies contained in the serum of other people or animals are injected into an individual

Question 13

vaccines

Answer 13

pathogen or pathogen products used to induce active immunity

Question 14

vaccines provide protection for __________ and ___________

Answer 14

individual and population

Question 15

herd immunity

Answer 15

if enough people in a population are vaccinated for an illness, susceptible individuals who cannot get the vaccine are protected from the illness

Question 16

what is the critical level for herd immunity to be achieved?

Answer 16

80-85%

Question 17

what are the 2 types of vaccines?

Answer 17

1. attenuated
2. inactivated

Question 18

attenuated vaccine

Answer 18

viable microbe with reduced pathogenicity that should not cause disease

Question 19

inactivated vaccine

Answer 19

live microbe that is killed when it enters your body

Question 20

how do attenuated vaccines work?

Answer 20

contains a weakened pathogen that should not cause the disease
1. the pathogen replicates in the host
2. an immune response to non-pathogenic strain will protect against pathogenic strain

Question 20

growth conditions for attenuated vaccines

Answer 20

• want mutations
• grown in animal cells
• genetic manipulation

Question 21

disadvantages of attenuated vaccines

Answer 21

• can induce disease in immunosuppressed patients
• need to be refrigerated

Question 21

advantages of attenuated vaccines

Answer 21

• 1-2 doses can produce long-lasting immunologic memory
• attenuated microbe can spread to other individuals and vaccinate them

Question 22

can attenuated vaccines be given to pregnant women?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

how do inactivated vaccines work?

Answer 23

unable to replicate because they're dead, but can still induce a limited immune response

Question 24

is the response to an inactivated vaccine stronger or weaker than an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 24

weaker

Question 25

what type of vaccine typically contains an adjuvant?

Answer 25

inactivated vaccines

Question 26

what does an adjuvant do?

Answer 26

enhances the immune memory response

Question 27

what are the 6 types of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 27

- inactivated whole agent - toxoid - subunit - VLP (virus-like particle) - polysaccharide - conjugate

Question 28

inactivated whole agent inactivated vaccine

Answer 28

whole pathogen treated with chemical that does not change surface epitopes

Question 29

toxoid inactivated vaccine

Answer 29

altered toxin

Question 30

subunit inactivated vaccine

Answer 30

broken up pathogens (only contains portions of pathogens)

Question 31

VLP inactivated vaccine

Answer 31

empty capsids made via genetic engineering

Question 32

polysaccharide inactivated vaccine

Answer 32

contains polysaccharides from the capsules of infectious organisms

Question 33

T-independent antigen responses

Answer 33

learned over time as we grow and develop

Question 34

conjugate inactivated vaccine

Answer 34

link polysaccharide to carrier protein for a stronger immune response

Question 35

which vaccine produces T-independent antigen responses?

Answer 35

polysaccharide inactivated vaccine

Question 36

which vaccine produces T-dependent responses?

Answer 36

conjugate inactivated vaccine

Question 37

advantages of inactivated vaccines

Answer 37

- cannot cause infection - many do not need to be refrigerated

Question 38

disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

Answer 38

- weak immune response - require boosters - adjuvants can induce a strong inflammatory response

Question 39

mRNA vaccines

Answer 39

contain instructions for making a protein and can act as their own adjuvant

Question 40

example of mRNA vaccine

Answer 40

covid vaccine

Question 41

what diseases are we getting vaccinated for today?

Answer 41

- diphtheria - pertussis (whooping cough) - tetanus - hepatitis B - influenza - measles - mumps

Question 42

successful vaccine campaigns

Answer 42

- polio - yellow fever - smallpox - HPV - hepatitis A/B - MMR - pertussis - rabies - tetanus - meningitis