vaccinations

Question 1

explain step by step how vaccines work

Answer 1

1. dead or inactive pathogens are injected
2. this causes antibodies to be produced which are complimentary to the antigens on the pathogen
3. memory cells are able to detect the antigens and so they are also produced
4. when the body is next exposed to the specific pathogen, the immune system will be able to produce memory much faster and divide into plasma cells by mitosis
5. these plasma cells produce antibodies much faster as well and therefore pathogens can be destroyed before symptoms are experienced

Question 2

why are vaccines safe to use

Answer 2

1. the pathogens are inactive and weakened
2. the antigens can be isolated from the pathogen
3. harmless forms of toxins

Question 3

what are the ethical issues towards vaccines

Answer 3

1. they are tested on animals before used
2. during clinical trials, they are tested on humans putting them at risk
3. objections due to side effects
4. problems deciding who should receive it first

Question 4

why does the vaccine fail sometimes

Answer 4

1. fails to work in certain people (immunodeficiency)
2. can infect someone before enough antibodies are produced
3. pathogens can mutate
4. some people object

Question 5

what is active natural immunity

Answer 5

you develop this immunity when produce antibodies after an infection

Question 6

what is active artificial immunity

Answer 6

being injected with pathogens and so as a response the body produces antibodies

Question 7

what is a passive natural immunity

Answer 7

this is when you become immune due to antibodies being transmitted from mother to baby (breastmilk)