Vaccinations

Question 1

What are communicable diseases generally?

Answer 1

Infectious

Question 2

What are the three key aims of immunisation?

Answer 2

• prevent onset of disease
• interrupt transmission
• alter course of infection/disease to limit consequences

Question 3

How do vaccinations work?

Answer 3

They teach the immune system to recognise bacteria and viruses before the individual encounters them as potential pathogens

Question 4

What are the two methods of passive immunity?

Answer 4

Mother to unborn baby - placenta/breastmilk

From another person/animal - immunoglobulins

Question 5

State the advantages of human immunoglobulins

Answer 5

Rapid action, post exposure, attenuate illness, control outbreaks

Question 6

State the disadvantages of human immunoglobulins

Answer 6

Short term protection, blood derived, hypersensitivity reaction may occur, expensive

Question 7

What are the two main types of vaccination?

Answer 7

• live virus vaccines

- inactivated vaccines

Question 8

Describe live virus vaccines

Answer 8

Attenuated organism replicates in host

Question 9

Give examples of live virus vaccines

Answer 9

Measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, flu

Question 10

Describe the three types of inactivated vaccines

Answer 10

• suspensions of killed organisms
• subunit vaccines (toxoid or polysaccharides)
• conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins)

Question 11

Give examples of suspension inactivated vaccines

Answer 11

Pertussis and typhoid

Question 12

Give examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 12

Toxoids - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

Polysaccharides - pneumococcal, typhoid

Question 13

Give examples of conjugate vaccines

Answer 13

haemophilus influenza, men C

Question 14

State the contraindications to vaccination

Answer 14

• confirmed anaphylaxis
• live vaccines in immunosuppressed or pregnant
• egg allergy
• severe latex allergy
• acute/evolving illness

Question 15

Describe herd immunity

Answer 15

By having a large proportion of the population vaccinated, unvaccinated individuals can be protected as vaccinated individuals stop transmission of the organism

Question 16

How is the proportion of herd immunity calculated?

Answer 16

• transmissibility
• infectiousness
• social mixing

Question 17

Name the vaccinations given to a 8 week old baby

Answer 17

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
• Rotavirus
• Meningococcal group B

Question 18

Name the vaccinations given to a 12 week old baby

Answer 18

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
• Rotavirus
• Pneumococcal

Question 19

Name the vaccinations given to a 16 week old baby

Answer 19

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophillus influenza type B, hep B (hexavalent)
• Meningococcal group B

Question 20

Name the vaccinations given to a 12-13 month year old baby

Answer 20

• Haemophilus influenza type b and meningococcal group C (Hib/MenC)
• Pneumococcal
• MMR
• Meningococcal group B

Question 21

Name the vaccinations given to a baby aged 3 years and 4 months

Answer 21

• Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio

- MMR

Question 22

What vaccination is given to 12-13 year olds usually in school?

Answer 22

Human Papillomavirus (3 doses over 6 months)

Question 23

What is given annually to children aged 2-12?

Answer 23

Flu nasal spray

Question 24

What vaccinations are given to a 14 year old?

Answer 24

• Tetanus, diphtheria, polio booster (Td/IPV)

- Meningococcal groups A,C,W and Y

Question 25

At what age are patients offered the shingles vaccine?

Answer 25

70 years old

Question 26

After what age are all patients offered the flu vaccine?

Answer 26

65 years old

Question 27

At what age do patients receive another pneumococcal?

Answer 27

65 years old