Vaccines

Question 1

Vaccination

Answer 1

• Used to control and fight infectious diseases
• used in humans and animals
• Smallpox was first human disease to be irradiated by vaccines

Question 2

Distemper, Parvovirus, Leptospirosis

Answer 2

Until 1980’s these diseases commonly killed dogs

widespread vaccination means this is no longer the case. though cases are still seen.

Question 3

Aims of vaccination

Answer 3

• Protection from clinical disease
• Transmission of temporary protection from mother to offspring
• Reduction in amount of infectious agent produced following an infection
• Elimination of infectious agent from group of animals or country (herd immunity)

Question 4

Vaccine - definition

Answer 4

Substance given to an animal to stimulate an immune response which will give the animal active immunity against a disease or diseases

Question 5

Passive Immunity

Answer 5

Immunity passed from mother to offspring in colostrum.

Question 6

Live vaccines

Answer 6

(attenuated) organism within the vaccine has had virulence reduced so organism is able to replicate but does not cause the animal harm.

Weakened so the body’s immune system should easily overcome the organism.

Can possibly cause disease without reverting to virulence.

Question 7

Inactivated vaccines

Answer 7

Vaccines containging organisms which have been killed (ultra violent light)

Several doses of these types of vaccines are needed to stimulate the body’s immune system

Question 8

Sub-unit vaccine

Answer 8

Only contains part of the pathogenic organism.
This is enough to produce an immune response without the animal suffering from the disease the organism is responsible for.

– e.g. feline leukaemia

Question 9

Vector vaccine

Answer 9

Contains sub units of an organism which have been combined with a non pathogenic live virus.

Advantage - adjuvent might not be needed in these vaccines

Question 10

Toxoid

Answer 10

Preperation of a toxin that has been treated with chemicals or heat, so it will be less likely to make the animal ill but will still illicite an immune response.

Question 11

Toxoid

Answer 11

Preperation of a toxin that has been treated with chemicals or heat, so it will be less likely to make the animal ill but will still illicit an immune response.

e.g. - tetanus in horses

Question 12

Adjuvant

Answer 12

Substance added to inactivated vaccines to produce a more pronounced immune response to increase vaccine effectiveness and prolong efficacy.

Animals may react to the adjuvant.

Question 13

Hyper immune antiserum

Answer 13

Serum containing high levels of antibodies is taken from an animal which is immune to a disease because of vaccination.
Serum is then obtained and administered to another animal in contact with the disease currently to give immediate protection.

Question 14

Autogenous vaccine (self generated)

Answer 14

Vaccine produced using the pathogen currently affecting the animal. These are altered in a lab before re-injecting back into the patient.

Can be used in animals with skin infections.

Question 15

Dogs Core vaccines

Answer 15

Distemper
Parvovirus
Hepatitis

Question 16

Dogs not core vaccines

Answer 16

Bordatella
Lepto
Rabies
Herpes

Question 17

Cats core vaccines

Answer 17

Panleuocopaenis
Calci
Rhinotracheitis (herpes)

Question 18

Cats non core vaccines

Answer 18

FeLV
Rabies
Feline Chlamydia

Question 19

Ferrets Vaccines

Answer 19

Distemper - Core

Rabies - not core

Question 20

Rabbits vaccines

Answer 20

Myxomatosis - core

RHD - core

Question 21

Horses core vaccines

Answer 21

Equine influenza

Tetanus

Question 22

Horses non core vaccines

Answer 22

viral arteritis
Rota virus
Streptococcus

Question 23

Primary course - 1st vacc

Answer 23

Roughly 8 weeks of age
Timed when maternal antibodies are still present but in some animals could be waning
Antibodies are produced between 7 - 10 days later - primary response which only lasts a few days

Question 24

Primary course - 2nd vacc

Answer 24

2 - 3 weeks after first vacc.
Stimulates the body body to produce more antibodies
Secondary response lasts a lifetime

Question 25

Primary course - 3rd vacc

Answer 25

Given 2 - 3 weeks later. Covers animals that still had maternal antibodies at 8 weeks and did not create a primary response at that time. 3rd vacc is secondary response in some animals.

Question 26

Turn out peroid

Answer 26

7-14 days after vaccination during which the animals are NOT immune

Question 27

Booster Vaccinations

Answer 27

Booster vacc required a year after the primary course to ensure full immunity. DHP can be upto 3 years but varies between manufacturers and types of vaccine.

Question 28

Equine vaccinations

Answer 28

Best immunity passed to foal if mare is vaccinated 1 - 3 months between foaling. Foal's primary vaccine starts at 5-6 months

Question 29

Routes of administration -- Oral

Answer 29

Human polio or cholera

Question 30

Routes of administration -- Intra nasal

Answer 30

Kennel cough - bordatella

Question 31

Routes of administration -- Subcutaneous injection

Answer 31

DHP RCP Most vaccines

Question 32

Routes of administration -- Intra-dermal

Answer 32

Old style myxo virus

Question 33

Vaccine failure

Answer 33

``` Immuno-compromised - steroids / antibiotics Animal already suffering from disease Wrong timing - covered by maternal antibodies Incorrect administration - misinjection / wrong route Incorrect storage Expired vaccination Reconstituted wrongly Incorrect species Black and tan dogs Vaccinating under GA Manufacturer error No booster - failure to vaccination ```

Question 34

Adverse reactions

Answer 34

``` Swelling at injection site Urticaria (hives) V+ / D+ Ataxia Shivering Collapse ```