Variety of life and cellular processes Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What elements are present in carbohydrates
A
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
2
Q
Elements found in lipids
A
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
3
Q
Elements present in proteins
A
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
4
Q
Monomers in carbohydrates
A
Glucose
5
Q
Monomers present in lipids
A
Glycerol and fatty acids
6
Q
Monomers present in proteins
A
Amino acids
7
Q
Polymers in carbohydrates
A
Starch, glycogen,cellulose
8
Q
Polymers in lipids
A
diglycerides
9
Q
Polymers in proteins
A
polypeptides
10
Q
Why are carbohydrates needed
A
Energy
11
Q
Why are lipids needed
A
Insulation,waterproofing and energy
12
Q
What are proteins needed for
A
Growth and repair
13
Q
Food test for sugars
A
Benedict’s test (blue to brick red)
14
Q
Food test for starch
A
Iodine test ( orange to dark red/black)
15
Q
Food test for lipids
A
Emulsion test (clear to cloudy)
16
Q
Food test for proteins
A
Bierupt test (blue to purple)
17
Q
Does bacteria have a membrane bound nucleus
A
No, DNA loops
18
Q
Do protoctists have a membrane bound nucleus
A
Yes
19
Q
Do fungi have a membrane bound nucleus
A
Yes
20
Q
Do plants have a membrane bound nucleus
A
Yes
21
Q
Do animal cells have a membrane bound nucleus
A
Yes
22
Q
Do viruses have a membrane bound nucleus
A
No
23
Q
Do bacteria contain mitochondria?
A
No
24
Q
Do protactists contain mitochondria?
A
Yes
25
Do fungi contain mitochondria?
Yes
26
Do plant cells contain mitochondria?
Yes
27
Do animal cells contain mitochondria?
Yes
28
Do viruses contain mitochondria?
No
29
Do bacteria have circular of linear DNA?
Circular
30
Do protactists have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
31
Do fungi have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
32
Do plant cells have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
33
Do animal cells have circular of linear DNA?
Linear
34
Do viruses have circular of linear DNA?
Linear DNA or RNA
35
Does bacteria have a cell wall?
Yes
36
Do protactists have a cell wall?
Yes
37
Does fungi have a cell wall? What is it made of?
Yes, chitin
38
Do plant cells have a cell wall? What is it made of?
Yes, cellulose
39
Do animal cells have a cell wall?
No
40
Do viruses have a cell wall?
No
41
Is bacteria single-called or multicellular?
Single-celled
42
Are protactists single-called or multicellular cells?
Single-celled
43
Is fungi single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular except yeast
44
Is plant cells single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular
45
Are animal cells single-celled or multicellular cells?
Multicellular
46
Are viruses single-celled or multicellular cells?
Single-celled
47
How do bacteria store carbohydrates?
They don’t
48
How do protactists store carbohydrates?
they dont
49
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
50
How do plants store carbohydrates?
Starch
51
How do animals store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
52
How do bacteria store carbohydrates?
They don’t
53
what are the life processes?
Movement, Respiration,sensitivity,growth,reproduction,exrection, nutrition, control
54
what is movement and list an example
Change in location of part or a whole organism (plants growing towards light, humans walking)
55
what is respiration? give an example
A reaction between glucose and oxygen to produce energy (every cell, mitochondria)
56
What is sensitivity? Give an example
detection of changes in the environment e.g. light, heat or chemicals (shivering when cold, plants going the Sun)
57
What is growth? Give an example
an increase in the size, mass and complexity of an organism (children in height, cells divide)
58
What is reproduction? Give an example
more of the same species are made. Creation of an offspring. (A bacterium splitting, a male and female human making a baby)
59
What is excretion? Give an example
Removal of waste products (urea, faeces, carbon dioxide, oxygen)
60
What is nutrition? give an example
Acquiring materials to provide energy and nutrients (food)
61
What is control? give an example
The maintenance of internal conditions (body temperature, glucose levels)
62
What is the function of the cell wall
it encases the cell and provide structure and protection (plants cells only )
63
What is the function of a cell membrane
Allows only certain substances to go in or out of the cell
64
What is the function of a nucleus
Contains genetic information and codes for proteins
65
What is the function of cytoplasm
The site of all chemical reactions in a cell
66
What is the function of chloroplasts
to assist the cell in photosynthesis and making its own food (plant cells only)
67
what is the function of a Vacuole
Stores water and cell sap (plant cells only)
68
What is the function of mitochondria
Undergoes respiration to release energy
69
What is the function of ribosomes
To perform photosynthesis
70
What happens to the rate of reaction if the enzyme goes past the optimum temperature
The rate of a reaction decreases rapidly as the enzyme denatures and the active site changes
71
What are enzymes
enzymes are biological catalysts speed up a reaction without being used up
72
What is it called when the enzyme and substrate contact
They form an enzyme substrate complex
73
Explain how enzymes break down substrates
The substrate needs to go to enzyme and fit into the active site then form a enzyme-substrate complex before the enzyme splits up the substrate and then forming products .the active site remains intact the enzyme can be reused again
74
how does temperature affect enzyme, mention the optimum temperature
the hotter the environment the enzymes work in, the faster the enzymes work. when enzymes reach the optimum temperature they work the fastest however, past the optimum temperature denatures the enzyme meaning the active site changes so the substrate can no longer fit in the enzyme and the enzyme is now useless
75
What is diffusion
The movement of a substance of a high concentration to a low concentration going down a concentration gradient, will happen over any membrane (spring air freshener mee Oxygen moving from lungs to the bloodstream)
76
name four factors that affect diffusion 
1. type of substance (diffusion happens quickest in gasses because gas particles move around the most and spreads out the particles quickly. Diffusion does not colour in solids as there is no movement of particles only vibrations)
2. temperature (the hotter the liquid or gas the faster diffusion happens because particles have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures
3. concentration gradient(The greater the difference in concentration, the quicker the rate of diffusion)
4. The surface area of the cell membrane separating the different regions
77
Describe the process of osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high water potential to a low water potential across a partially permable membrane (salt on slugs, plants absorb water from the soil)
78
What affects osmosis (name 2)
1. Difference in concentration gradient (the larger the difference in concentration gradient the quicker diffusion occurs)
2. the area of the membrane which diffusion occurs over (the larger the surface area of the quicker diffusion occurs)
79
What is a plasmolysed cell
So where the cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall (they are less rigid, they have a smaller vacuole)
80
What is active transport
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration over a membrane using energy from respiration (nutrients moving from soil to the roots of a plant)
81
What affects active transport
1.how much respiration occurs in a cell (the more respiration that occurs in the cell the quicker active transport occurs because active 2.transport requires energy from respiration) temperature (the hotter the molecule, the password for transport occurs. This is because the molecules have more energy and therefore move faster at higher temperatures)
82
What is aerobic respiration
Respiration which requires oxygen
83
What is anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
84
What is Respiration
The chemical process that takes energy from glucose by breaking it down to release ATP
