Vascular disorders II

Question 1

Name 5 things that can cause Thrombosis

Answer 1

1. Physical injury
2. Infectious agents
3. Abnormal blood flow
4. Inflammatory mediators
5. Metabolic abnormalities
6. Toxins

Question 2

What are the two different types of thrombosis?

Answer 2

Arterial and Venous

Question 3

Describe arterial thrombosis

Answer 3

The thrombus goes with the flow of blood
it causes an increase in platelets and fibrin

Question 4

Describe venous thrombosis

Answer 4

A more “hap-hazard” growth of a thrombus, it tends to block the whole vein

Question 5

What does hyperestrogenic mean?

Answer 5

Pregnant Women have a higher likelihood for thrombosis due to the estrogen

Question 6

Name 5 different types of emboli

Answer 6

• Systemic
• Pulmonary
• Fat
• Air
• Amniotic fluid

Question 7

What is propagation in terms of a thrombus

Answer 7

Growth of the thrombus

Question 8

What is embolization in terms of a thrombus

Answer 8

Thrombus breaking

Question 9

What is dissolution in terms of a thrombus

Answer 9

When the thrombus disappears due to fibrinolysis

Question 10

What is organisation in terms of a thrombus

Answer 10

Connective tissue can grow into the clot leading to a more stable structure- may restore normal blood flow

Question 11

What is recanalisation in terms of a thrombus

Answer 11

New blood vessels are produced to continue blood flow

Question 12

What does a pulmonary embolism cause?

Answer 12

It causes acute death

Question 13

Why should you not use alcohol when staining a fat embolism?

Answer 13

alcohol dissolves fat

Question 14

What is a gas/ air emboli?

Answer 14

when gas enters blood vessels, e.g the bends

Question 15

What is infarction?

Answer 15

Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus

Question 16

What is a red infarct?

Answer 16

Any organ with dual circulation
Venoous occlusions
and the blood collects

Question 17

What is a white infarct?

Answer 17

Arterial occlusion
In organs with end arterial circulation
e.g heart, spleen kidney

(areas where there is no blood= it turns white and there is no oxygenation)

Question 18

Name 4 factors that influence the development of an infarct

Answer 18

• Anatomy of the vascular supply
• Rate of occlusion
• Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia
• Hypoxemia

Question 19

What are the four different types of shock?

Answer 19

• Cardiogenic
• Hypovolemic
• Septic
• Neurogenic

Question 20

What does cardiogenic shock do?

Answer 20

Causes a reduction in the hearts ability to pump e.g an obstruction

Question 21

What causes hypovolaemic shock do?

Answer 21

Causes a loss in fluids, e.g in burns

Question 22

What causes septic shock?

Answer 22

Infectious agents, such as circulatory abnormalities

Question 23

What kind of bacteria is septic shock usually associated with?

Answer 23

• Gram negative bacteria

Question 24

What do neurogenic and anaphylactic shock cause?

Answer 24

vasodilation and hyperperfusion

Question 25

What is congestion?

Answer 25

Passive, associated with stasis, reduced venous outflow

Question 26

What is hyperaemia

Answer 26

Increased blood flow

Question 27

What is haemorrhage?

Answer 27

Blood flow out of the vessels

Question 28

What is oedema

Answer 28

accumulation of fluid in tissues

Question 29

What is an effusion?

Answer 29

Accumulation of body fluid in body cavities

Question 30

What are the four main ways accumulation (oedema and effusion) occur?

Answer 30

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure 2. Reduced plasma osmotic pressure 3. Sodium and water retention 4. Lymphatic obstruction

Question 31

Why does increased hydrostatic pressure cause oedema and effusion?

Answer 31

There is impaired venous return/ blood stasis and the heart doesn't pump

Question 32

Whyd oes reduced plasma osmotic pressure cause oedema and effusion?

Answer 32

inadequate synthesis of albumin causes fluid loss therefore not enough protein is produced

Question 33

Why does sodium and water retention cause oedema and effusion

Answer 33

Increased salt intake= increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

Why does lymphatic obstruction cause increased oedema and effusion

Answer 34

If the lymphatics do not absorb water in the tissues= accumulation

Question 35

Name 4 things that can cause lymphatic obstruction

Answer 35

1. Trauma 2. Neoplasia 3. Inflammatory 4. Fibrosis

Question 36

What are the two main effusions in cavities

Answer 36

Exudate and Transudate

Question 37

What are some factors about exudate

Answer 37

1. High in proteins 2. Associated with inflammation

Question 38

What are some transudate identifiers?

Answer 38

1. Protein poor 2. Translucent 3. Straw coloured

Question 39

What is laminar flow and what can its disruption cause?

Answer 39

Laminar flow is the parallel flow of blood down a vessel disruption can cause thrombosis

Question 40

Name 5 acquired secondary factors that will lead to an increased risk of thrombosis

Answer 40

1. Hyperestrogenic 2. Age 3. Cancer 4. Increased synthesis of coagulation factors 5. Reduced synthesis of coagulation factors

Question 41

What is an embolus?

Answer 41

When a thrombus detaches itself and circulates through the blood

Question 42

What is the difference between red and white infarct?

Answer 42

* Red infarct is assocaited with loose spongy tissues that have a dual blood supply * White infarct is associated with solid organs that have a singular blood supply

Question 43

What is lymphatic obstruction?

Answer 43

Blockage of lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed