Introduction to bacteriology Flashcards by Claire Evans

What are bacteria?

definition

Single cell organisms known as prokaryotes which have no chlorophyll and multiply by simple division

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How many genes do bacteria have approximately?

between 2000-6000

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What is the size range of bacteria?

0.1-0.2um to >50um

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What is the average size of E.coli?

1x3 um

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What are some bacteria that live in respiratory habitats?

Mycobacterium, Haemophilus

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What are some bacteria that live in intestinal habitats?

Salmonella, E.Coli, Yersinia

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What are some bacteria that live on the skin?

staphylococcus aureus

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What are some bacteria that are systemic?

Streptococcus suis, Salmonella

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What are some examples of bacteria in agriculture?

Nitrogen fixation
Nutrient cycling
Animal husbandry

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What are some examples of using bacteria for Energy/ The Environment?

Biofuels (methane)
Bioremediation
Microbial Mining

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What are some examples of using bacteria for disease?

Identifying new diseases
Treatment
Prophylaxis

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What are some examples of using bacteria for food?

Food preservation
Fermented foods
Food additives

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What are some examples of using bacteria for biotechnology?

Genetically modified organisms
Production of pharmaceuticals
Gene therapy for diseases

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What are some types of bacteria?

Gram +/-
Rod, Cocci, Comma, Spiral, Filamentous
Aerobic, Anaerobic, Microaerophiic
Commensal, Pathogenic

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What are some identifiers of Gram Positive bacteria?

Thicker Cell Wall
Lacking Cell envelope
Teichoic acid

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What are some identifiers of Gram Negative bacteria?

Thin Cell Wall
Cell Envelope
Do not have Teichoic acid

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What two bacteria are exceptions to the gram positive/ negative rule?

Mycobacteria- are gram positive but do not stain well
Spirochaetes- Gram negative but do not stain well

What are some key points of Mycoplasma?

Very small bacteria that lack a cell wall
Many antibiotics are ineffective against them
Causes disease in humans and animals
*arthritis, abortion, pneumonia, infertility, meningitis, mastitis *

What are spores?

“mummified bacteria” that can be dormant for a long time

Why do birds have fewer bacteria than other animals?

Their body temperature is around 42 degrees which prevents bacteria from growing

What is the approx doubling time for E.Coli?

20 minutes

What is the approx doubling time for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

20 hours

What is the process that bacteria use to duplicate themselves?

Binary Fission

What is needed to culture bacteria in a laboratory?

Nutrients (broth/agar plate)
Warmth (28-42 degrees)
Oxygen or lack of oxygen
Selective media (use of antibiotics or additives to remove unwanted bacteria

What are some factors that influence infection?

* Diversity, pathogenic determinants, Genetic exchange * Survival, Amplification, Transmission routes, Interventions * Susceptability, Dose response, Latency, Immunity

What is the definition of an infectious disease?

A disease caused by a microorganism and therefore potentially transferable to new individuals

What is the definition of a contagious disease?

A disease capable of spreading rapidly from one individual to another by contact or close proximity

What is the definition of a communicable disease?

an infectious disease that is contagious and which can be transmitted from one source to another

What is a non-contagious infectious disease?

An infectious disease that is not transmitted by direct contact or exposure to a contaminated environment

What is a primary pathogen?

Can cause a disease in a healthy host, e.g Bovine TB, Salmonella, Anthrax

What is horizontal route of transmission

When there is transmission between the same or a different generation

What is the vertical route of transmission?

When transmission is through a different generation

What are some examples of indirect transmission

Contaminated food/ water, air borne, vectors, environment, contaminated equipment

What is the definition of one health?

Recognises the interrelationship between animal, human and environmental health

What is the definition of an infectious disease?

A disease caused by a microorganism and therefore potentially transferable to new individuals. May or may not be communicable/contagious.

What is the definition of a contagious disease?

A disease capable of spreading rapidly from one individual to another by contact or close proximity – Parvo, MRSA.

What is the definition of a communicable disease?

An infectious disease that is contagious and which can be transmitted from one source to another (same as contagious, but used more in human medicine).

What is a definition of a non-contagious infectious disease

An infectious disease that is not transmitted by direct contact or exposure to contaminated environment – Blue tongue, Malaria, Lyme disease.

What is the definition of a primary pathogen?

Can cause a disease in a healthy host. E.g. Bovine TB, Salmonella, Anthrax.

What is the difference between a primary and opportunistic pathogen?

opportunistic pathogens can only cause disease in already susceptible/ immunocompromised pathogens

What is the definition of an opportunistic pathogen?

Cause disease in the presence of or following a predisposing factor – e.g. Avian colibacillosis.