Flashcards in Vasopressors Deck (55)
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1
What are the general effects of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists?
Sympathetic regulation (decreased insulin release, vasoconstriction, mild inotropy, negative chronotropy)
2
What receptors do epi and norepi target?
Epi: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2
Norepi: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1
3
How is the change in BP different when using norepi vs epi?
With epi, you have alpha-1 and beta-2 effects (constrict and dilates) so you have a more pronounced increase in SBP and minimal changes in DBP; Norepi increases both equally
4
How does norepi affect HR?
Increased SVR -> baroreceptor mediated bradycardia (countered by beta-1 chronotropic effect) = no real change in HR
5
What pressor is best for renal preservation with severe sepsis?
Norepi (raises BP and preserves CO)
6
What receptors does dobutamine target?
Beta-1 >>> beta-2, alpha-1
7
First line pressor for hypotension? If CO is still low? If that doesn't work? Still not working?
NE -> dobutamine -> vasopressin -> epi
8
What is the primary advantage of a NE gtt vs dopamine gtt?
Lower rate of arrhythmias (in particular tachyarrhythmias)
9
How are catecholamines metabolized in the liver vs. neurons? Final product of metabolism?
Liver: First by COMT, then MAO
Neurons: First by MAO, then COMT
Final product: Vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
10
What effects do you get of low-dose dopamine?
Significant DA1 agonist (renal artery vasodilation) and weak adrenergic receptor effects -> minimal increase in HR and contractility + diuresis
11
Are low-dose dopamine drips renal protective?
No, same number of kidneys fail with or without the drip
12
What effects do you get of medium-dose dopamine (5-10mcg/kg/min)? High dose (>10 mcg/kg/min)?
Medium: beta > alpha (vasodilation, increased HR, increased contractility)
High: alpha-1 + beta-1 and beta-2 (increased SVR)
13
What receptors do dopexamine target?
Beta-2 >>> Beta-1 and potent DA effects (opposite of dobutamine)
14
What receptors do isoproterenol target?
Beta 1 and beta 2 roughly equally
15
What is dromotropy?
The conduction speed of electrical impulses within the heart
16
What is lusitropy?
Ability of the heart to relax in diastole
17
Mechanism of action of ephedrine?
Increased post-synaptic NE release and/or decreased NE reuptake
18
What happens when you activate beta receptors?
G-protein couple receptors -> adenylate cyclase -> ATP to cAMP -> activates PKA (protein kinase A) -> increased intracellular Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
19
What is the mechanism of action of milrinone?
Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor: decrease the degradation of cAMP which increases intracellular Ca++
20
What happens when you activate alpha receptors?
G-protein coupled receptor -> phospholipase C -> splits phosphatidyl inositol -> release of Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
21
What cardiac effects do you see with milrinone?
Increased intracellular cAMP -> increased contractility, increased HR, arterial and venous vasodilation
22
How does nitric oxide work?
Lowers PA pressures by being a direct vasodilator; stimulates guanylate cyclase -> increased cGMP -> relaxation of smooth muscles
23
What receptors does fenoldopam target?
Purely DA1 agonist (systemic vasodilation and increased renal blood flow)
24
How is sildenafil (Viagra) important in PA pressures?
Phosphodiesterase (PDA 5) inhibitor which is what breaks down cGMP (more cGMP -> more smooth muscle relaxation -> lower PA pressures)
25
What is a side effect of NO (nitric oxide)?
Methemoglobinemia
26
How does nesiritide work?
Recombinant BNP -> stimulates guanylate cyclase -> increases cGMP -> vasodilation (decreases afterload)
27
When would you use nesiritide?
Severe decompensated heart failure by decrease afterload and encouraging forward flow
28
During ACLS, what dose of vasopressin can be used instead of epi?
40 units
29
Forumula for SVR and PVR?
SVR: (MAP - CVP) / CO
PVR: (PAP - PWP) / CO
(both multiplied by 80)
30
