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Anatomy > Ventilatory system > Flashcards

Ventilatory system Flashcards

1
Q

structure

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • larynx: voice box
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • lungs
  • alveoli
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2
Q

anatomy of the trachea

A

Thin walled tube composed by a connective tissue & incomplete rings of cartilage
Smooth muscles

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3
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose, sinuses, pharynx & larynx

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4
Q

nose

A

hairs filter air, mucous and catches small particles

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5
Q

pharynx

A

pathway of air and food

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6
Q

larynx

A

voice box contains the epiglottis which keeps put food out of trachea

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7
Q

vocal chords

A

fibrous elastic bands that tuned with vocal muscles

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8
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea & bronchial tree, lungs & diaphragm

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9
Q

trachea & bronchial tree

A

rigid tubing embedded with cartilaginous rings. smooth muscles can constrict these

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10
Q

lungs

A

bronchial tree ends in bundles of microscopic airsacs called alveoli (300 million of them)

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11
Q

alveoli

A

surrounded by blood capillaries where gas exchange occurs. (oxygen IN & carbon dioxide OUT)

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12
Q

nostrils

A

fringed with coarse hair which stains large particles out of the airstream and may also serve to protect the nasal cavity against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled

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13
Q

functions of the conducting airways

A
  • gas exchange
  • filter, warm, humidify air
  • low resistance pathway for
    airflow
  • regulate pH in the body
  • sounds & speech
  • defense against chemicals & other harmful substances that are inhaled
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14
Q

interior of nasal cavity

A

contains projections of considerable surface area. These projections, nasal conchae, make the airstream turbulent and subsequently warm and hydrate it

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15
Q

air entering the trachea

A

thanks to the structure of nose, air is 100% humidified.
air passes through 3 portions of pharynx, which provides a low resistance path for airflow

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16
Q

function of larynx / voice box

A

larynx protects the trachea from invasion by foods and fluids

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17
Q

lungs

A

elastic spongy organs
they develop themselves at the end of bronchi

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18
Q

gas exchange

A

carried out by a complex of structures at the end of each terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

alveoli

A

simple thin walled structures which also have numerous thin walled outpocketings called alveoli
specialized for the function of gaseous exchange

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20
Q

respiratory terms

A

only contraction of diaphragm is needed but chest elevating muscles may aid during heavy breathing
only requires relaxation of inspiratory muscles but contraction of abdominals may force expiration

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21
Q

contraction

A

INSPIRATION / INHALATION
- muscle contractions increase volume of thorax
- greater volume of thoracic cavity lowers air pressure
- air moves in form atmosphere due to pressure difference

22
Q

relaxation

A

EXPIRATION / EXHALATION
- volume of thorax decreases and air pressure in lungs increases
- air moves out to atmosphere due to pressure gradient

23
Q

pulmonary respiration

A
  • commonly referred to as breathing
  • process of air flowing into lungs during inspiration & out of lung during expiration
  • air flows because pressure differences between the atmosphere & gases inside the lungs
  • air, like other gases, flows from a region with higher pressure to a region with lower pressure
  • muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues create the changes in pressure that result in ventilation
24
Q

3 pressures

A
  1. atmospheric pressure: pressure of air outside the body (760 mmHg)
  2. intrapulmonary pressure: pressure inside the alveoli of lungs (inspiration: 759 mmHg O2, expiration: 761 mmHg CO2)
  3. internal pressure: pressure within the pleural cavity
25
Q

lung volumes & capacities

A
  • tidal volume
  • inspiratory reserve volume
  • expiratory reserve volume
  • residual volume
  • vital capacity
  • minute ventilation
  • total lung capacity
26
Q

tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

27
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

28
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

29
Q

residual volume

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

30
Q

vital capacity

A

Volume of air forcibly expired after maximum inspiration in one breath

31
Q

minute ventilation

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

32
Q

total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

33
Q

VO2

A

rate at which oxygen is taken into the body and used

34
Q

VO2 max

A

excellent indicator of fitness. must be measured with special equipment

35
Q

mechanics of ventilation

A

Need to know that a substance called pleural fluid lies between the lungs and the chest wall
When chest expands during breathing, the film of pleural fluid causes the membranous walls of lungs to be pulled outward along with chest walls.
This means the space within the lungs increases
Air molecules in the lungs now move momentarily farther apart, so that pressure of air in lungs falls below the pressure of atmosphere outside the body
Air from outside riches down the trachea and into lungs until two pressures are equal again

36
Q

pleural fluid (definition)

A

fills the space between the two layers of pleural tissue

37
Q

enlarges the cavity twofold

A

Observation of the skeleton reveals that each rib pivots about a vertebral joint.
If it is lifted upward it also swings outward, with thoracic cavity being enlarged anteriorly & superiorly.
This is the task in quiet breathing of the external intercostal muscles.
At the same time ribs are lifted, the diaphragm (the muscular floor of thoracic cavity) contracts downward, enlarging thoracic cavity inferiorly.

38
Q

description for quiet breathing

A

Expiration is almost entirely a passive process that depends on elasticity of lungs & chest structures, as well as fluid film surface tensions within the lungs.
When inspiratory muscles are relaxed, air simply leaves the lung, much as it would leave an untied balloon.

39
Q

active breathing

A

when one speaks or runs, abdominal muscles press upon abdominal contents, squeezing them upwards against diaphragm.
internal intercostal muscles oppose external intercostals & pull ribcage downward, helping decrease the thoracic cavity volume & forcibly empty lungs. diaphragm may also function in forcible expiration.
in laboured inspiration many muscles of upper trunk are also recruited.

40
Q

indirect respiratory muscles

A
  • pectoralis major and minor
  • trapezius
  • rhomboideus
41
Q

regulation of breathing

A

involuntary breathing controlled in the primitive part of brainstem (medulla).
may also be controlled voluntary (cerebrum) but eventually involuntary control takes over.

42
Q

chemoreceptors

A

send signals about blood pH, CO2 and O2 concentration to medulla.

43
Q

regulations of pH, CO2, O2

A
  • if pH goes down, or CO2 goes up, breathing increases.
  • if pH goes up, or CO2 goes down, breathing decreases.
  • O2 receptors = less impact on breathing rate vs. CO2.
  • stretch receptors in lungs tell medulla when lungs are expanded during normal breathing & stop inhalation.
44
Q

why do ventilation rates increase?

A
  • breathing rate increases during exercise as expiratory center sends impulses to expiratory muscles (internal intercostals) which speeds up expiratory process;
  • increase CO2 causes the acidity of blood to increase (decrease blood pH).
  • change in acidity of blood is detected by chemoreceptors which send nerve impulses to respiratory muscles which increase rate of ventilation (faster / deeper).
45
Q

2 ways exercise will influence

A

increase ventilation rate: greater frequency of breaths allows a more continuous exchange of gasses).
increase tidal volume (increasing volume of air taken in & out per breath allows more air in lungs be exchanged).

46
Q

hemoglobin

A

Oxygen molecules bind to Iron containing a portion of hemoglobin and some Carbon Dioxide binds with certain amino acids in hemoglobin.

47
Q

hemoglobin & oxygen

A
  • about 98% of oxygen in blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, within red blood cells.
  • protein that allows oxygen to bind to a red blood cell.
  • contains a central iron ion which hold up 4 oxygen atoms.
  • these oxygen atoms are diffused into tissues once they reach their target.
  • while they are diffusing they are picking CO2 & returning it to lungs so you can exhale it.
  • only 20% of hemoglobin carries CO2.
  • most CO2 is carried in plasma and forms carbonic acid with water.
  • excess CO2 in blood will cause blood pH to drop.
48
Q

structure of alveoli

A
  • walls are very thin (1 cell)
  • huge surface area so allows for greater uptake of oxygen
  • supplied by a dense capillary network
49
Q

process of gaseous exchange at alveoli

A
  • carried out by a complex of structures at end of each bronchioles.
  • oxygen exchange occurs
  • these alveoli inflate and deflate with inhalation & exhalation.
  • elastic recoil helps in exhalation.
  • gasses move by diffusion from where they have a high concentration to where they have a low concentration.
  • alveoli create a pressure gradient
  • once alveoli fill up with air during inhalation oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli and into blood.
  • CO2 diffuses from the arriving venous blood and into air which exits the body during exhalation.
50
Q

importance of surfactants

A
  • alveolar lining is moist (H2O)
  • because H2O is a polar liquid it has high surface tension (like magnets).
  • surface tension of H2O resists expansion of alveoli and can cause them to collapse.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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