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Gross Anatomy 1 > Vertebral Column and Muscles > Flashcards

Vertebral Column and Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

Curved flexible pillar of segmented bone separated by intervertebral discs

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2
Q

What are 5 functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Muscle attachment
  2. Mobility
  3. Protection
  4. Weight transfer
  5. Haematopoiesis
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3
Q

Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column; how many vertebrae are in each

A
  1. Cervical (8)
  2. Thoracic (12)
  3. Lumbar (7)
  4. Sacral (5 fused to sacrum)
  5. Coccygeal (4 fused to coccyx)
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4
Q

Name the primary curvature

A

Kyphosis (concave anteriorly)

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5
Q

Name the secondary curvature

A

Lordosis (convex anteriorly)

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6
Q

What sections have a kyphosis curve

A

Thoracic and sacral

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7
Q

What sections have a lordosis curve

A

Cervical and lumbar

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8
Q

What is a lateral curvature called

A

Scoliosis; can be postural or pathological

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9
Q

What are the two main sections of a vertebra

A
  1. Vertebral body

2. Vertebral arch; 2 pedicles and 2 laminae

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10
Q

What are the 7 processes of a vertebra

A
  1. 1x spinous process
  2. 2x transverse processes
  3. 4x articular processes
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11
Q

What do the vertebral notches give rise to

A

The spinal nerves entering and exiting the spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the vertebral notches

A

Indentations superior and inferior to the pedicles

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13
Q

What is unique about the C1 vertebra

A

The atlas has no vertebral body or spinous process

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14
Q

Describe the arches of the C1 vertebra

A

It has one anterior and one posterior arch; both have a tubercle in the centre

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15
Q

What area does the skull articulate with the C1 vertebra

A

The occipital condyles; superior articular surfaces

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16
Q

What section of the C2 vertebra articulates with the C1 vertebra

A

The dens/odontoid process which projects upwards from the body

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17
Q

Where does the atlas rotate on the axis

A

Flat superior articular facets

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18
Q

What is the body of the cervical vertebrae called

A

Uncinate process

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19
Q

What is the hole within the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, and what emerges through them

A

Transverse foramen, and the vertebral arteries which ascend to supply the brain

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves of the cervical vertebrae path through

A

The groove between the anterior and posterior tubercles of the transverse processes

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21
Q

What is unique about the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

A

They are bifid

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22
Q

Where do the rib heads articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

The costal facets; each vertebra (apart from T1) contains a superior and inferior costal facet

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23
Q

Where does the tubercle of each rib articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

The transverse costal facet

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24
Q

What is characteristic about the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae

A

They are very long and slope inferiorly (nearly vertically)

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25
Are the lumbar vertebral bodies larger or smaller than the thoracic vertebral bodies
Larger
26
What arises from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Accessory processes
27
What arises from the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae
Mammillary processes
28
What direction do the articular facets face
Posteromedially and anterolaterally
29
How many sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the sacrum
Normally 5
30
Which side of the sacrum is smooth, and which side is rougher
``` Smooth = anterior (facing pelvic viscera) Rough = posterior (lots of sites of muscle and ligament attachment) ```
31
What is the median crest of the sacrum and remnant of
Spinous processes of the old sacral vertebrae
32
What is the intermediate crest of the sacrum and remnant of
Articular processes of the old sacral vertebrae
33
What is the lateral crest of the sacrum and remnant of
Transverse processes of the old sacral vertebrae
34
How many vertebrae have fused to form the coccyx
~4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae
35
What is at the superior end of the coccyx
The coccygeal cornu
36
What joints are located between the vertebral bodies
Secondary cartilaginous; IV discs
37
What joints are located between the articular processes
Plane synovial; called zygapophysial joints
38
What structure is located around the IV discs
The analus fibrosis
39
What is located in the central compartment of the IV discs
Nucleus pulposus; this is a remnant of the notochord
40
What happens to the IV discs as you flex the vertebral column (opposite for extension)
Anterior aspect of the IV disc will narrow, and the posterior aspect will expand
41
What proportion of the length of the vertebral column is made up of the IV discs
Roughly 1/4
42
What do the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back connect to
The appendicular skeleton
43
What do the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back acts as
Superficial respiratory muscles
44
Name the 5 superficial extrinsic muscles of the back
1. Trapezius 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Rhomboid major 4. Rhomboid minor 5. Levator scapulae
45
What does the nuchal ligament attach to
Joins all the cervical spinous processes to the base of the skull
46
Where does the trapezius muscle attach and converge to
Attaches to the nuchal line and the spinous processes of C7-T12; converges to the clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula
47
What nerve innervates the trapezius muscle
The accessory nerve (CN XI)
48
Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle attach to posteriorly
1. Spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebra 2. Thoracolumbar fascia 3. Iliac crest 4. Lower 3/4 ribs
49
Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle converge to
The edge of the bicipital groove of the humerus
50
What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle; and what is its root value
The thoracodorsal nerce; C6-C8
51
Where does the rhomboid major muscle attach and pass to
The spinous processes of T2-T5 -> medial border of the scapula
52
Where does the rhomboid minor muscle attach and pass to
The nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1 -> medial end of the scapular spine
53
What nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles, and what is its innervation
Dorsal scapular nerve; C4, C5
54
Where does the levator scapulae muscle attach, and pass to
Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C4 -> medial border of the scapula (above the spine)
55
What nerves innervate the levator scapulae, and what are there innervation
Cervical nerves (C3, C4) and the dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
56
Name the 2 intermediate extrinsic muscles
1. Serratus posterior superior | 2. Serratus posterior inferior
57
Where does the serratus posterior superior muscle attach, and pass to
Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3 -> superior borders of ribs 2-4
58
What nerves innervate the serratus posterior superior
Intercostal nerves 2-5
59
Where does the serratus posterior inferior muscle attach, and pass to
Spinous processes of T11-L2 -> inferior borders of ribs 8-12
60
What nerves innervate the serratus posterior inferior muscle
Anterior rami of T9-T12
61
What do the deep muscles of the back act upon
1. Maintain posture | 2. Control movements of the vertebral column
62
What are all of the deep muscles of the back supplied by (nerves)
Posterior rami of the spinal nerves
63
What are the 3 layers of intrinsic muscles of the back (and name the muscles found in the groups)
1. Superficial (splenius muscles) 2. Intermediate (erector spinae group) 3. Deep (many small muscles)
64
Name the two splenius muscles
1. Splenius capitis | 2. Splenius cervicis
65
Where do the splenius muscles travel from
Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3/4
66
Where does the splenius capitis travel to
Mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of the superior nuchal line
67
Where does the splenius cervicis travel to
Tubercles of transverse processes of C1-T3/4
68
Name the 3 columns of intermediate intrinsic muscles (lateral to medial)
1. Iliocostalis 2. Longissimus 3. Spinalis
69
What is the proximal attachment of all 3 intermediate intrinsic muscles
1. Posterior iliac crest 2. Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments 3. Spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae 4. Supraspinous ligament
70
What are the 3 parts of the iliocostalis muscle
1. Lumborum 2. Thoracis 3. Cervicis
71
What are the 3 parts of the longissimus muscle
1. Thoracis 2. Cervicis 3. Capitis
72
What are the 3 parts of the spinalis muscle
1. Thoracis 2. Cervicis 3. Capitis
73
What is the attachment site of the ilicostalis muscle
Angles of lower ribs and the cervical transverse processes
74
What is the attachment site of the longissimus muscle
Ribs (between angles and tubercles), thoracic and cervical transverse processes, and mastoid process
75
What is the attachment site of the spinalis muscle
Upper thoracic spinous process and the cranium
76
Name the 6 deep intrinsic muscles
1. Semispinalis 2. Multifidis 3. Rotatores 4. Levator costarum 5. Interspinale 6. Intertransversari
77
What are the 3 parts of the semispinalis muscle
1. Thoracis 2. Cervicis (most obvious) 3. Capitis
78
Where does the semispinalis muscle travel from, and to
Transverse processes of C4-T12 -> occipital bone and thoracic and cervical spinous processes
79
Where do muscle fibres of the multifidis muscle pass to; where is it thickest
Superomedially to spinous processes of vertebrae 2-4 spaces above; lumbar region
80
Where do muscle fibres of the rotatores muscle pass to; where is it thickest
Superomedially to the junction of lamina and transverse processes 1/2 vertebrae above; thoracic region
81
Where does the levator costarum pass from, and to
Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae -> inferiorly onto the upper borders of the ribs
82
Where does the interspinale muscle pass between; where is it most developed
Between adjacent spinous processes; cervical and lumbar regions
83
Where does the intertransversarii muscle pass between; where is it most developed
Between adjacent transverse processes; cervical and lumbar regions

Gross Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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