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Anatomy > Vertebral column and spinal cord > Flashcards

Vertebral column and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical

A

Uppermost region of the spine. Made of 7 vertebrae

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2
Q

Thoracic

A

Second region of the spine. Made up of 12 vertebrae

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3
Q

Lumbar

A

Third region of the spine. Made up of 5 vertebrae.

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4
Q

Sacrum

A

Fourth region of the spine. Made up of 5 vertebrae.

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5
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Anterior portion of vertebrae responsible for carrying 70% of the load.

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6
Q

Pedicle

A

Two bridge-like structures that connect the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.

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7
Q

Transverse process

A

Two processes on either side of C1- L5.

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8
Q

Transverse Foramen

A

Two small wholes on either side of C1-C7.

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9
Q

Articular Process/facet

A

Structures that connect two adjacent vertebrae. Cervical: 45 degrees
Thoracic: 90 degrees
Lumbar : 90 degrees facing each other

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10
Q

Lamina

A

The roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.

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11
Q

Spinous Process

A

Spiny structure on posterior side of each vertebrae from C2-L5

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12
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebra, no spinous process, dens facet.

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13
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebra, first with bifurcated spinous process (C2-C6), dens.

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14
Q

Uncinate process

A

Bony projection, in the superior surface of the vertebral body, forms the uncovertebral joint with the body of the cervical vertebra above.

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15
Q

Dens

A

Superior projecting bony element on C2, attaches to dens facet of atlas and facilitates cervical rotation.

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16
Q

Bifurcate

A

To split in two (S.P of C2-C6)

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17
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

The superior aspect of the sacrum, articulates superiorly with the L5 vertebral body of the lumbar spine. This arrangement forms the lumbosacral joint.

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18
Q

Anterior/Posterior Sacral foramina

A

four holes on anterior side of sacrum, sacral nerves and blood vessels pass through these openings.

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19
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Middle opening of each vertebra from C1 to L5.

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20
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Formed by all the vertebral foramen. The spinal cord is located inside the vertebral canal.

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21
Q

Zygapophyseal/facet joints

A

Joints formed by adjacent articulating processes.

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22
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

Made of annulus fibrosus (outer layer) and nucleus pulposus (inner layer), resonsible for shock absorption, support, flexibilty etc.

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23
Q

Ligament Nuchae

A

Ligament covering S.P of C1 to C6, supports the cervical spine and allows for flexion whilst limiting excessive movement.

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24
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A

Ligament attached to spinous processes, responsible for spine stability and prevent hyperflexion of spine.

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25
Interspinous ligament
Ligaments in between adjacent spinous processes. Activated in flexion, extension, sidebending, and rotation.
26
External occipital protuberance.
Posterior notch on occipital region of skull. Proximal attachment for ligament nuchae and distal attachment for trapezius.
27
Intertransverse ligament
LIgaments in between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
28
Ligamentum Flavum
thick, paired ligament in the spinal canal that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. I
29
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
Ligament that runs down the anterior side of vertebral bodies, narrow cranially, broad caudally
30
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligament that runs down posterior side of vertebral bodies (inside vertebral canal), Broad cranially, narrow caudally.
31
Tectorial Membrane
Continuation of PLL in the upper two segments, broad and strong
32
Transverse ligament of atlas
Extends medially from lateral mass of the atlass on either side. Maintains the dens of axis in contact with anterior arch of atlas
33
Apical ligament
fibrous ligament runs down from the skull to the axis, anterior to PLL.
34
Alar ligament
Ligament that connect axis to skull, originates from either side of the dens, anterior to PLL.
35
Iliolumbar ligament
Connects L5 and L4 (from transverse processes) to ilium.
36
Lumbosacral ligament
Connects L5 to sacrum (from tansverse processes)
37
Disc herniation
An injury to a spinal disc that occurs when part or all of the disc is forced through a weakened part of the spine.
38
Annulus Fibrosus
Outermost layer of the intervertebral discs. Made of collagen and have blood/nerve supply.
39
Nucleus Pulposus
Innermost layer of the intervertebral discs. Made of over 80% water, no blood or nerve supply.
40
Bulge
1st stage of disc herniation, Nucleus pulposa still inside annulus fibrosus.
41
Protrusion
2nd stage of disc herniation. Nucelus pulposa is being forced out of the disc. The annulus fibrosus has not been broken yet.
42
Extrusion
3rd stage of disc herniation. Nucleus pulposa is beginning to escape the annulus fibrosus.
43
Sequestration
4th stage of disc herniation. Nucleus pulposa is now leaking out of the disc into the spinal column. The detached disc fragment, also called a free fragment, can put pressure on spinal nerves and cause symptoms: pain, tingling, weakness, etc.
44
Functional Spinal Unit
Two adjacent vertebra and their joints. These joints include the IV disc, and the zygapophyseal or facet joints. Anterior column (body) with holds 70% of stress along the spine. Posterior column (arch) withholds 30% of stress and its pedicles for the IV foramen where spinal nerve exits.
45
Spinal Cord
Initiates at the foramen magnum. Spinal cord ends at the T12-L2 level. Enlarges at cervical and lumbar regions.
46
Gray matter
Make up inner most part of spinal cord and unmyelinated rami
47
Anterior/ventral horn
Responsible for motor functions
48
Posterior/dorsal horn
Responsible sensory functions
49
Intermediolateral horn
T1-L2: sympathetic; S2-S4: parasympathetic
50
Sympathetic
Freeze, fight or flight. Danger division of the visceral motor system.
51
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest. Idle division of the visceral motor system.
52
White matter
axonal tracts, mainly myelinated (faster conduction)
53
Central Canal
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows down- protection
54
Pia Mater
Innermost layer of procective meninge. Directly around spinal cord.
55
Denticulate Ligament
Ligament formed from the pia mater. Stabilizes spinal cord within the vertebral canal.
56
Filum Terminale Internum
Ligament formed by the pia mater. Inside spinal cord
57
Arachnoid mater
Middle protective layer of the spinal cord, Spider web-like
58
Dura mater
Outermost protective layer of spinal cord. Thick and strong.
59
Filum terminale externum
Continuation of the filum terminale internum. Formed by the dura mater. Passes through sacral hiatus and attaches to the coccyx
60
Conus medullaris
Cone shape at the end of the spinal cord. (L1-L2)
61
Cauda Equina
Ponytail shaped bundle of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord that provides motor and sensory innervation to the legs, bladder, anus, and perineum.
62
Neuron
cell body or soma :1, axon (0 or 1), dendrites (could have infinite)
63
Soma
Cell body, contains cell nucleus and other organelles.
64
Axon
The elongated portion of the neuron located in the center of the cell between the soma and axon terminals
65
Dendrite
tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the cell body
66
Caudal
towards coccyx
67
Cranial
towards cranium
68

Anatomy (25 decks)

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