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axial anatomy > Vertebral column - week 2 > Flashcards

Vertebral column - week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are other names for the axial skeleton?

A

vertebral column or the spine

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

32 or 33 individual vertebrae stacked on top of each other

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3
Q

What are the 4 regions of the axial skeleton?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum

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4
Q

How many vertebrae does the cervical region have?

A

7

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5
Q

How many vertebrae does the thoracic region have?

A

12

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6
Q

How many vertebrae does the lumbar region have?

A

5

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7
Q

How many vertebrae does the sacrum have?

A

5

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8
Q

How many vertebrae does the coccyx have?

A

3-4

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9
Q

Which parts of the spine have a lordosis?

A

cervical and lumbar

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10
Q

Which parts of the spine have a kyphosis?

A

thoracic and sacrum/coccyx

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11
Q

What is a lordosis?

A

anterior curve

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12
Q

What is a kyphosis?

A

posterior curve

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13
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

a lateral curvature with a rotation component (not a normal curve of the spine)

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14
Q

In standing, what does the line of gravity pass through?

A

ear lobe
dens of the axis
cervical vertebral bodies
shoulder joint
lumbar vertebral bodies
slightly posterior to hip joint
greater trochanter
slightly anterior to knee and ankle joints

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15
Q

What are the functions of the spine?

A

supports the thoracic cage
muscle attachment, particularly pelvic and shoulder girdles and spinal muscles
upper limb and lower limb attachment
protection of spinal cord
shock absorption
production and control of movement

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16
Q

What movements can all areas of the spine do?

A

flexion
extension
lateral/side flexion
rotation

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17
Q

What actions can only the cervical spine do?

A

protraction and retraction

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18
Q

What is the anterior part of vertebra called?

A

vertebral body

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19
Q

What is the posterior part of vertebra called?

A

vertebral arch

20
Q

What is the vertebral arch made up of?

A

pedicles and lamina

21
Q

What are the functions of the articular processes?

A

articulate with the adjacent vertebrae
transmit weight
enable movement
limit movement in some directions

22
Q

What part of the vertebrae is most weight transmitted through?

A

vertebral bodies and the intervertebral joints

23
Q

What is the function of the transverse processes?

A

attachments for muscles and ligaments

24
Q

What is the function of the spinous process?

A

attachments for muscles and ligaments

25
Q

What does the vertebral arch do?

A

encloses the spinal canal - protects the spinal cord

26
Q

What is the gap between the adjacent vertebral arches called?

A

intervertebral foramen

27
Q

What do the spinal nerves pass through?

A

intervertebral foramen

28
Q

What happens to the vertebrae throughout the spine?

A

There is a gradual changing and morphing of vertebra

29
Q

Describe the features of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

small rectangular body
large vertebral foramen
transverse foramen in the transverse processes
bifid spinous process
uncovertebral joints
articular facets orientated horizontally (towards the eyes)
lipping of vertical body superiorly - uncinate process

30
Q

Name the 3 atypical cervical vertebrae

A

C1-atlas
C2-axis
C7-vertebrae prominens

31
Q

What are the uncovertebral joints also known as?

A

the joints of Hubert von Luschka

32
Q

Describe the features of a typical thoracic vertebrae

A

round body
long slanted spinous process
facet joints orientated vertically
demifacets on body x4
facets on transverse processes x2

33
Q

Name the 4 atypical thoracic vertebrae

A

T1
T10
T11
T12

34
Q

Describe a typical lumbar vertebrae

A

large wide body
broad, short laminae and pedicles
quadrangular spinous process
mamillary process
wrapped articular facets
transverse processes thin and long

35
Q

Describe the sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

36
Q

What is the first palpable spinous process?

A

C2

37
Q

Which vertebra disappears on neck extension?

A

C6

38
Q

What is the spinous process of T3 in line with?

A

spine of scapula

39
Q

What is the spinous process of T7 in line with?

A

inferior angle of scapula

40
Q

What is L4 in line with?

A

iliac crest

41
Q

What is S2 in line with?

A

PSIS

42
Q

Describe the annulus fibrosis

A

ring of collagen fibres around the outside of the intervertebral disk
layers of fibres arranged in sheets called lamellae
composed of 60-70% water
thicker towards centre of disc and in anterior and lateral portions
thinner posteriorly
arrangement of fibres limits rotation between vertebrae

43
Q

Describe the nucleus pulposus

A

semi-fluid mass of mucoid material
88% water
deforms under pressure from any direction
transmits the applied pressure in all directions

44
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

A

shock absorption
allows movement and load transition
provides stability to the spinal column
limits excessive movements

45
Q

What does a typical vertebrae have?

A

spinous process
transverse process
body
vertebral foramen
articular facets
lamina
pedicle
intervertebral foramen

46
Q

What is the thoracic spine rule of 3’s

A

T1-T3 SP level with TP
T4-T6 TP approximately 1/2 level above SP
T7-T9 TP approximately 1 level above SP
T10 TP 1 level above SP
T11 TP 1/2 level above SP
T12 SP and TP level with each other

axial anatomy (7 decks)

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