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Vertebrate Biology Flashcards

(161 cards)

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1
Q

Monophyletic

A

CA + all descendants

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2
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Doesn’t include CA of all groups

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3
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Group descended from CA but doesn’t include all descendant groups

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4
Q

Chordate features

A
  1. Dorsal notochord
  2. Dorsal nerve chord
  3. Bilateral symmetry
  4. Pharyngeal slits
  5. Endostyle
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5
Q

Lower vertebrates

A
  1. Jawless fish
  2. Chondrichthyes
  3. Osteichthyes
  4. Lissamphibia
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6
Q

Higher vertebrates

A

Amniotes:

  1. Testudines
  2. Lepidosauria
  3. Crocodilia
  4. Aves
  5. Mammalia
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7
Q

Vertebrate features

A
  1. Postanal tail
  2. Pharyngeal pouches
  3. Vertebral column
  4. Anterior brain
  5. Craniates
  6. Closed circulatory circuits
  7. W-shaped myomeres
  8. Organ systems
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8
Q

Dorsal fin

A

Anti-roll stabilising

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9
Q

Pectoral fin

A

Steering + lift

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10
Q

Pelvic fin

A

Stabilisers

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11
Q

Caudal fin

A

Thrust

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12
Q

Types of lift

A
  1. Dynamic

2. Static

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13
Q

Chondrichthyes osmoregulatory adaptations

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. High urea and TMAO concentration
  3. Large glomeruli
  4. Rectal gland
  5. Low ion and urea permeability in gills
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14
Q

Scale types

A
  1. Placoid
  2. Cosmoid
  3. Ganoid
  4. Ctenoid
  5. Cycloid
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15
Q

Gas bladder connections

A
  1. Physostomus

2. Physoclistous

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16
Q

Fish body locomotion

A
  1. Anguilliform
  2. Carangiform
  3. Subcarangiform
  4. Thunniform
  5. Ostraciforms
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17
Q

Fish fin locomotion

A
  1. Tetraodontiform
  2. Labriforms
  3. Amiiform
  4. Gymnotiform
  5. Balistiform
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18
Q

Types of drag

A
  1. Viscous

2. Inertial

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20
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Electroreceptors

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21
Q

Lateral line

A

Mechanical system

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36
Q

Anguilliform

A

Whole body movements

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37
Q

Subcarangiform

A

Tail and posterior sides

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38
Q

Amphibian teeth

A

Pedicellate

= crown, uncalcified mid section + dentine base

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39
Q

Amphibian Skin glands

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Granular
    3 Hedonic (some males)
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40
Amphibian Sound detection
1. Basilar papilla: 1200-1600Hz | 2. Amphibian papilla: 200-800Hz
41
Carangiform
More oscillating than sub
42
Amphibian Skin pigments
1. Melanophores - Black,Brown, red 2. Iridophores - reflect light 3. Xanthophores - yellow, orange, red
43
Thunniform
Only tail
44
Ostraciform
Tail movement as body rigid
45
Tetraodontiformes
Dorsal and anal fins
46
Labriforms
Pectoral fins
47
Amiiform
Dorsal fin undulations
48
Gymnotiform
Anal fin undulations
49
Balistiforms
Anal and dorsal fin undulations
50
Tetrapod ancestor
Elpistostegid
51
Closest tetrapod relative
Tiktaalik = Devonian fossil
52
Acanthostega
Late Devonian (360 mya) stem tetrapod
53
Ichthyostega
Late Devonian (360 mya) Atem tetrapod
54
Terrestrialisation adaptations
1. Skeletal 2. Zygapophyses 3. Lungs 4. Kidneys
55
Temnospondyls
Stem lissamphibians (modern amphibia sister group) until early Cretaceous (130 mya)
56
Amphibian respiration
Buccalpharyngeal pumping forces air in via positive pressure
57
Amphibian adult photoreceptors
Rods: 1. Red detect green 2. Green detect blue 3. Purple detect UV (only larval and aquatic) Cones: 1. Single detect yellow 2. Double
58
Snake fangs
1. Opisthoglyphous =rear fanged 2. Proteroglyphous = permanently erect 3. Solenoglyphous = rotate via pterygoid movement
59
Flexible paedomorphosis in mole salamanders:
1. Isotypic | 2. Paedotypic
60
Anuran skeletal modifications
1. Reduced vertebral column 2. Strong zygapophyses 3. Fused vertebrae 4. Large leg muscle attachment points
61
Anuran breeding types
1. Explosive | 2. Prolonged
62
Gymnophiona characteristics
1. Legless 2. Short tails 3. Reduced eyes 4. Dermal scales 5. Annuli 6. Protrusible tentacles
63
Amniotic traits (370mya)
1. Keratinised skin 2. Kidneys excrete concentrated urine 3. Coastal lung ventilation 4. Intrinsic muscles 5. Teeth 6. Amniotic egg
64
Amniotic egg embryonic membranes
1. Amnion 2. Chorion 3. Yolk sac 4. Allantois
65
Skull morphology
1. Anapsid 2. Synapsid 3. Diapsid
66
Reptilia
Carboniferous = 360-290mya
67
Saurischia
Rotate pubis anteriorly 1. Sauropodomorphs 2. Theropods
68
Ornithischia
Rotate pubis posteriorly Main lineages: 1. Armoured 2. Horned 3. Duck-billed
69
Key testudinian features
1. B-keratin Shell: - Carapace (top) - Plastron (underneath) 2. Vertebral column and ribs fused to carapace 3. Static lungs 4. Diaphragmatic ventilation
70
Testudines respiratory methods
1. Pharyngeal 2. Hydrostatic H2O pressure 3. Cloacal
71
Testudines
1. Cryptodires - vertical | 2. Pleurodires - horizontal
72
Snake specialisations
1. Fossorial (ancestral?) 2. Epigean 3. Aquatic
73
Snake locomotion
1. Lateral undulations 2. Rectilinear 3. Concertina 4. Sidewinding
74
Squamate sex determination
1. Genotypic 2. Temperature 3. Behavioural
75
Squamata thermoregulation
1. Morphological 2. Behavioural 3. Physiological
76
Bird- reptile similarities
1. Occipital condyl 2. 1 middle ear bone 3. Nucleated erythrocytes 4. Heterogametic females 5. Jointed hind limbs at tarsal bones
77
Bird - mammal differences
1. Mammals have 3 middle ear bones 2. Mammals have non-nucleated erythrocytes 3. Male mammals are heterogametic 4. Mammals have jointed hind limbs between tibia and tarsi
78
Theories of bird origin
1. Thecodont | 2. Theropod
79
Bird wing features
1. Airfoil shape 2. Angle of attack 3. Slotting 4. Alula
80
Archaeopteryx
Bipedal reptile with both reptilian and bird features | Semi arboreal
81
Sinornis
Early Cretaceous | Intermediate between Archaeopteryx and modern bird features
82
Confusciornis
Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous | Modern beak but no keel
83
Sinornithosaurus
Dinosaur | Flight pre-requisites but not feathers
84
Unenlagia
Late Cretaceous | Half bird
85
Sinosaurapteryx
Proto-feathers and melanosomes
86
Protoarchaeopteryx
Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous therapod
87
Caudipteryx
Late Jurassic/ early Cretaceous coelurosaur therapod | Remiges and retrices but no flight
88
Basal tyrannosaurid
Early Cretaceous | Protofeathers
89
Epidexipteryx
New basal avian?
90
Bird features
1. Furcula 2. Sideways flexing wrists 3. Feathers 4. Keel 5. Nesting behaviour 6. Hollow bones 7. Rapid growth rates - cartilage discs
91
Avian wing structure
1. 2 vs 10 free carpals 2. 3 hand digits = equivalent to mammal 2,3,4 but same mesenchymal condensations 3. Fused hand and finger bones
92
Progenesis
Last structured to develop are lost first | Eg digit reduction of 1 and 5
93
Flight theories
1. Arboreal - parachuting/ gliding 2. Cursorial - jumping 3. Wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) 4. Ontogenetic Transitional Wing (OTW) (Dial et al.)
94
Bird aerodynamics
1. Net lift due to differences in distance travelled by air over feathers 2. Laminar flow 3. Minimise turbulence 4. Increase wing curvature but too steep = turbulence 5. Stall if AOA too steep
95
Drag
1. Profile | 2. Induced
96
Flight adaptations
1. Pneumatic bones 2. Toothless bill 3. Feathers - symmetrically and asymmetrically vaned. Remiges and rectrices 4. Deep keel 5. Rigid thorax 6. Pectoral girdle forms triangular strut system 7. Wings: powerful tendons, flexibility, large joint surface
97
Bird wings
1. Primary feathers | 2. Secondary feathers
98
Primary feathers
Generate thrust on downstroke Over hand Friction barbules
99
Secondary feathers
Generate lift | Attached over ulna, radius and humerus
100
Bird muscles
1. Pectoralis - thrust generator kn downward stroke 2. Supracoracoideus- take off and pulls wing up for recovery stroke 3. Dorsal elevator muscles
101
Bird wing shape
1. Elliptical 2. High speed 3. High aspect ratio (active soaring) 4. Slotted high lift (passive soaring) 5. Hovering
102
Flight without flapping
1. Gliding | 2. Soaring
103
Soaring
1. Static - thermals or obstruction currents | 2. Dynamic
104
Flapping flight
1. Flap-gliding | 2. Flap-bounding
105
Static aerodynamics
Total lift for each part of the flap cycle
106
Ratites
Flightless birds Raft-like sternum Palaeognathous palate
107
Carinates
Keeled sternum | Neognathous palate
108
Pelycosaur features
Late Carboniferous/ early Permian mammal 1. Primitive heterodonty 2. Parasagittal gait 3. Dorsal sail with elongated neural spines 4. Parietal foramen
109
Therapsid features
Late Permian mammal 1. More upright stance 2. Rib reduction 3. Larger temporal fenestra 4. Differentiated teeth
110
Cynodont features
1. Lumbar ribs lost 2. Diaphragm 3. Secondary hard palate 4. Enhanced thermoregulation 5. More heterodonty 6. Zygomatic arch 7. Sagittal crest 8. Reduced articular-Quadrate jaw
111
Tinamous
Palaegnathous | Keeled sternum
112
Bird feather composition
Beta-keratin Melanin Carotenoid pigments
113
Feather types
Neossoptiles: 1. Down = insulation 2. Powder down Teleoptiles: 1. Contour 2. Bristle = sensory and protection 3. Filoplume = Monitor movement and position via receptors 4. Semiplume = Insulation and courtship 5. Flight = retrices and remiges
114
Feather arrangement
1. Pterylae | 2. Apteryia
115
Uropygial glands
At tail base Aka preen gland Secretes oils
116
Feather development
Dermal condensation Support system - reabsorbed by follicles at the end Anchored in follicle Apoptosis
117
Feather evolution
1. Scale elongation 2. Rachis development 3. Vane differentiation into barbs 4. Barbules and barbicels
118
Moulting types
1. Ptilopaedic | 2. Psilopaedic
119
Key bird life events
1. Breeding 2. Moulting 3. Migration
120
Migrant types
1. True | 2. Partial
121
Navigational cues
1. Innate vector orientation 2. Solar 3. Landmarks 4. Stellar/ lunar compass 5. Olfaction 6. Magnetic compass 7. Genetic
122
Bird respiratory adaptations
1. Air sacs 2. Aerodynamic valving 3. Rigid lungs 4. Continuous unidirectional airflow 5. Cross current exchange: air and blood via arterioles 6. Counter current exchange: blood and air at organ level
123
Bird thermoregulatory Methods
1. Downy feather presence/ absence 2. Feather colour 3. Blood flow to feet 4. Arteriovenous shunt
124
Types of bird young
1. Precocial 2. Semi-precocial 3. Semi-altricial 4. Altricial
125
Mammalian characteristics
1. Mammary glands 2. Synapsid skull 3. Hair 4. Heterodonty 5. Dentary- squamosal jaw articulation 6. 3 middle ear bones 7. Enamelled teeth 8. Placenta 9. Tribosphenic cheek teeth and occlusion
126
Why did endothermy evolve?
Sustain increased locomotion and metabolic rates
127
What does the haderian gland do in mammals?
Produce waterproofing oil for hair. Gland is by the eye
128
Mammalian teeth features
1. Crown 2. Base 3. Dentine 4. Pulp 5. Cement 6. Enamel
129
Dental formula
Incisor: canine: premolar: molar
130
Types of mammalian cheek teeth
1. Bunodont 2. Lophodont 3. Hypselodont 4. Polyphyodont 5. Hypsodont 6. Selenodont 7. Sectorial
131
Types of fermenters
1. Foregut | 2. Hindgut
132
Characteristics of antlers
1. Live tissue - require blood and have nerves 2. Shed annunally 3. Males 4. Skull extension - outgrowth of frontal bone 5. Lobes - tines
133
Characteristics of horns
1. Both sexes 2. Outgrowth of frontal bone 3. Bone and keratin 4. No lobes
134
Stance types
1. Plantigrade 2. Digitigrade 3. Unguligrade 4. Graviportal
135
Types of unguligrade
1. Perissodactyla ie odd toed | 2. Artiodactyla ie even toed
136
Fossorial types
1. Rapid scratch diggers 2. Rotation thrust diggers 3. Chisel tooth diggers
137
Mammalian Locomotor types
1. Cursorial 2. Fossorial 3. Arboreal 4. Volant 5. Amphibious 6. Aquatic
138
Types of mammalian distribution
1. Vicariance | 2. Dispersal
139
Great American Biotic Interchange
When the America’s rejoin 2.5mya via Panamanian isthmus enabling movement between N and S America of marsupials and placentals
140
Ecomorphological equivalence
Independently derived features that are anatomically different but functionally similar
141
Types of cladistics
1. Morphological - form and function | 2. Molecular - mtDNA
142
Homology
Similar characteristics due to a CA
143
Homoplasy
Similar characteristics but not because of a CA eg convergent evolution
144
Mammalian convergent evolution
1. Monotreme and marsupial pouches 2. Dietary and niche specialisations 3. Amphibious forms and adaptations 4. Marsupial and placental placenta 5. Marsupial and placental astragalus bone 6. Heterodonty 7. Placental herbivores and cursorial locomotion 8. Placental echolocation
145
Monotreme features
1. Non therians 2. Lay eggs and incubate externally 3. Mammary hairs 4. Cheek teeth replaced by bill 5. Internal testes 6. Single hole - cloaca
146
Marsupial features
1. Therians 2. Viviparous 3. Nipples and mammary hairs 4. Tribosphenic molars - monophyodont 5. No sclerotic cartilage 6. Separate anus and urogenital sinus 7. Testes outside body wall 8. Paired virginae and bifid penis 9. Choriovitelline placenta 10. No tympanic bulla
147
Placentals features
1. Therians 2. Viviparous 3. Nipples but no mammary hairs 4. Tribosphenic molars - diphyodont 5. No sclerotic cartilage 6. Chorioallantoic placenta 7. Medial vagina and simple penis
148
Types of placenta
1. Choriovitelline | 2. Chrorioallantoic
149
General marine mammal adaptations
1. Morphological eg paddle like limbs, elongated phalanges, vestigial hindlimb, no zygapophyses 2. Blubber/ fur 3. Positively charged myoglobin 4. Countercurrent heat exchangers 5. Remove salt from food and don’t drink sea water
150
Mysticeti families
1. Balaenidae 2. Neobalaenidae 3. Balaenopteridae (roquals) 4. Eschrichtiidae
151
Odontoceti families
1. Delphinidae | 2. Phocoenidae
152
Humpback whale groups
1. Female, calf + escort | 2. Bachelor herds
153
Advantages of large group sizes
1. Dilution effect 2. Group attack 3. Reduced individual vigilance time 4. Mates 5. Cooperative foraging
154
Disadvantages of large group sizes
1. Competition 2. Inbreeding 3. Disease
155
Phocidae species
1. Monk - Hawaiian, Mediterranean 2. Antarctic - Ross, Leopard, Crabeater, Weddell 3. Elephant - N and S 4. Northern Hemisphere - 10 species
156
Otariidae species
1. Fur seals - 10 species | 2. Sea lions - 5 species
157
Odobenidae
Walrus
158
Definition of lango
Otariid baby fur
159
What is chorionic gonadotropin and what does it do?
A placental hormone which blocks ovulation and maintains pregnancy in Pinnipeds
160
Foraging issues faced by marine mammals
1. Navigation - "featureless" 2. 3D prey distribution - often uneven 3. Environmental factors 4. Physiology
161
Marine environmental features
1. Oceanography 2. Surface circulation - gyres and wind patterns 3. Great Ocean Conveyor Belt 4. Coastal Upwelling 5. Bathymetry 6. Fronts 7. Eddies 8. Sea Surface Temperature (ENSO)
162
Foraging behaviour factors
1. Prey species 2. Bathymetry 3. Time of day 4. Time of year 5. Physical condition 6. Diel prey migration
163
Marine mammal dentition
1. Piercing 2. Spikes 3. Cage-like 4. Conical
164
Foraging strategies
1. Mesopelagic 2. Benthic 3. Epipelagic
165
Dive shapes
1. Soft square 2. V/U 3. Hard square 4. Skewed right 5. Skewed left
166
Elephant seal dive types
1. Foraging 2. Processing 3. Travelling
167
O2 stores for diving mammals
1. Lungs 2. Blood 3. Muscle
168
Deep diver adaptations
1. Haematocrit 2. O2 more loosely bound to haemoglobin 3. Greater blood volume 4. Enlarged spleen with O2-rbc 5. Sphincter for gradual O2-blood distribution 6. Hepatic sinus 7. Increased body size 8. Larger O2 stores 9. Reduced metabolic rate
169
Hypometabolism techniques
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Increased hypoxia tolerance 3. Bradycardia
170
Diving response characteristics
1. Increased anaerobic reliance 2. Reduced metabolic rate 3. Reduced cardiac output
171
Processing lactate
1. Oxidise at surface 2. Recycle to glucose at surface 3. Oxidise during subsequent dives 4. Recycle during dives
172
Desert adaptations
1. Furred feet 2. Water conservation 3. Concentrated urine
173
Defence mechanisms
1. Spikes 2. Horns 3. Hiss-puff 4. Stripes 5. Warts
174
Scansorial adaptations
1. Hindfeet point straight back 2. Prehensile tail 3. Textured footpads 4. Shortened limbs
175
Water-based adaptations
1. Webbed feet 2. Elongated lungs 3. Valvular eyes and nostrils 4. Fur 5. Paddle-like tail 6. Large body mass 7. Nictating membranes 8. Vibrissae 9. Reduced olfaction (marine mammals)
176
Dietary/ feeding adaptations
1. Mandibular fossa 2. Echolocation 3. Cheek pouches 4. gape-limited predator 5. tweezer-like teeth 6. tool usage 7. Locking jaws

Zoology (5 decks)

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