Vertebrates Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Which of these clades are considered mammals?
A. Eutherians
B. Metatherians
C. Amniotherians
D. Prototherians
A
A, B, D
2
Q
Metatherians are:
A. Monophyletic
B. Tetraphyletic
C. Polyphyletic
D. Paraphyletic
A
A. Monophyletic
Metatherians (marsuipals) are monophlyetic because a clade is a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor
3
Q
Paraceratherium was the largest living:
A. Aves
B. Mammal
C. Reptile
D. Shark
A
B. Mammal
4
Q
What is the role of Sebaceous glands?
A
lubrication of skin and hair
5
Q
____ are solid, shed seasonally, and are made of bone.
A. Horns
B. Scales
C. Antlers
D. Osteoderms
A
C. Antlers
6
Q
Which of these modifications are associated with mammals?
A. Fused clavicles, large keel on sternum
B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns
C. Antlers, osteoderms, spongey centred spines
D. cutaneous respiration, aposematism
A
B. Spongey centre spines, scales, hollow horns
7
Q
Horns are made of keratin or bone?
A
Keratin
8
Q
What are the two types of glands used for cooling?
A. Eccrine & Exocrine
B. Apocrine & Exocrine
C. Endocrine & Apocrine
D. Eccrine & Apocrine
A
D. Eccrine & Apocrine
9
Q
Eccrine glands:
A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface
B. open into hair follicle
C. secrete substances into a ductal system
D. type of mammory gland triggered by prolactin
A
A. found on most of the body and open directly onto skin surface
10
Q
Apocrine glands open into ____ leading to skin surface
A
hair follicles
11
Q
Prototherians are:
a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental
A
B. monotremes
think reptile like traits
12
Q
Metatherians are:
a. ancestral chordates
b. monotremes
c. marsupials
d. placental
A
C. marsupials
M & M
13
Q
Differentiated cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae are associated with which group?
A
Mammals
14
Q
Highly differentiated and regionalization of the vertebrae is associated with:
A
Mammals
15
Q
Both birds and mammals have complete separation of ____.
A
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
16
Q
The systemic circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.
A
body
17
Q
The pulmonary circuit pumps blood from heart to _____ back to heart.
A
lungs
18
Q
Double pumping means ____ separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
A
complete
19
Q
Mammals and crocodiles have a _____.
A. complex glandular system
B. 4 chambered heart with incomplete separation
C. Prolactin hormone
D. Muscular diaphrahm
A
D. Muscular diaphrahm
20
Q
Unlike amphibians, mammals have a ____ pressure breathing
A. positive gradient
B. negative gradient
C. passive gradient
D. countercurrent gradient
A
B. negative gradient
21
Q
A change of concentrations will always move from high to low. T/F
A
True
22
Q
For mammals, breathing in is an ___ process while breathing out is a ___ process.
A
active, passive
23
Q
Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume. Which causes air pressure to:
A. equalise
B. increase
C. decrease
D. deflate
A
B. increase
24
Q
In mammals, breathing out causes:
A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase
B. lower air pressure in lungs below external air
C. Muscle expansion in the thoracic cavity causing lower air pressure
D. air to flow through nostrils and mouth, down trachea, bronchi and bronchioles into alveoli
A
A. Muscles controlling thoracic cavity relax and reduces the volume, causes air pressure to increase
25
The role of kidneys is to filter urea waste from ___
blood
26
The organ that attach to ureters and drains nitrogenous waste to bladder is called
kidney
27
tubules arranged in highly organized manner and closely associated with network of capillaries
Kidney
28
Fish excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ___, reptiles in the form of ___, and mammals in the form of ____.
A. ammonia, uric acid, urea
B. Uric acid, dark urine, ammonia
C. Uric acid, ammonia, urea
D. ammonia, urine, uric acid
A. ammonia, uric acid, urea
29
Osmoregulation in mammal metanephric kidneys is controlled by + or - feedback hormones
negative
30
heterogametic chromosomes means:
♂ X and Y
31
homogametic chromosomes mean
♀ 2 X chromosomes
32
Monotremes are
a. viviparous
b. oviparous
c. ovoviviparous
b. oviparous
33
All mammals have 4 limbs except
A. Cetaceans
B. Eulipotophyta
C. Pinnipedia
D. Chiroptera
A. Cetaceans
34
Two occipital condyles where neck attaches to vertebrae means turning is limited, T/F?
True
35
Which classes have a pinna?
A. reptiles & amphibians
B. chondrichthyes
C. all chordata
D. mammals only
D. mammals only
36
Which mammalian order is the largest?
A. Eulipotophyla
B. Rodentia
C. Chiroptera
D. Primates
B. Rodentia
37
What is a stomochord?
Foregut pouch in Hemichordates, doesn't provide structure.
38
Why are hemichordates no longer considered Chordates?
Have no notochord (stomochord instead)
39
Which chordate phyla has an endostyle?
Urochordates (Tunicates)
40
A ____ secretes mucous sheets used to trap food particles within the cilia lined pharynx.
Endostyle
41
Tunicates are different to Porifera because....
tunicate larvae possess all 4 chordate characteristics.
42
Adult ___ retain a notochord
Cephalochordates (Lancelets)
43
How do Cephalochordates feed?
Filter feeding
44
Which subphlya uses a oral hood covered in buccal cirri to filter feed?
Cephalochordates (lancelets)
45
What are myomeres?
visible muscle blocks in Cephalochordates
46
How are urochordates different to cephalochordates?
47
Muscles attachment to the endoskeleton is an important characteristic of all chordates. T/F?
True?
48
Which two subphyla are acraniates?
Urochordate (tunicates) and Cephalochordates (Lancelets)
49
The gill slits in Lancelets (cephalochordates) function for?
Filter feeding
50
Adult Urochordates retain which chordate features?
Gill slits
51
Myxini are classified as vertebrates because of the presence of?
A cranium
52
Hyperoartia have a ______ while Myxini do not.
cartilaginous skeleton
53
The only vertebrate class to have no endoskeleton are the ____
hagfish (myxini)
54
What is Paedomorphosis?
Free swimming larvae with all 4 chordate features
55
What does homologous mean?
Similar structures in different taxa derived from a common ancestor
56
Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?
57
The ____ is the core of the endoskeleton
vertebral column
58
The ___ provides support for, and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord and is used as a site for muscle attachment
vertebral column
59
"What are the 4 features that unite chordates?"
In last week’s practical you learned the features that unite the chordates as a group:
- Notochord
- Hollow dorsal nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits (and bars)
- Post anal tail
60
Ascidian larvae belong to which subphyla?
Subphylum Urochordates (tunincates)
61
How are these similar to Echinoderms?
Bilateral larvae
62
How do Myxini & Hyperoartia feed?
Myxini have toothed plates and a rasping tongue that attach to food host, while Hyperoartia don't feed as adults, only in the the juvenile stage
63
______ replaces the notochord during embryonic development, except in _____, that retain the notochord into adulthood.
Vertebral column, Agnathans
64
These animals are scavengers that have a notochord, skull made of cartilage, and no vertebrae. What are they?
Hagfish
Class: Myxini
Superclass: Agnatha
65
"Which class is the closest living relatives to tetrapods?"
Acinista (lobe finned fish)
66
"What is a homocerceal tail?"
equal lobes in ray finned fishes
67
"An enhcanced cerbellum controls ___ in class Actinopterygii"
motor coordination
68
"Superclass Sarcopterygii has which two classes?"
Class Dipnoi: lungfish
Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish
Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish
69
"Class Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) belong to which subclass?"
Sarcopterygii
70
"Class Dipnoi belong to which superclass?"
Sarocopterygii
71
"Pterosis sp. are highly invasive and use aposomatic colouration. T/F"
True
72
"Juvenillie blue-streaked cleaner wrasse mimic bluefinned fangblennies in order to eat larger fish. T/F?"
False - fangblennies are parasitic, cleaner wrasse are not
73
"How do bluestriped fangblennies feed?"
"Bluestriped fangblennies mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites.
Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish
they don't feel the bite because their blood pressure drops
"
Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish
they don't feel the bite because their blood pressure drops
"
74
"No scales are essential for which family? why?"
frogfish (family Antennariidae)
no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry
no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry
75
"What is the most efficient type of locomotion?"
Swimming, animal supported by water and doesnt have to overcome gravity
76
"Osteichthyes are a _____ group? Mono/Para/Poly?"
paraphyletic
77
"What is the largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates?"
Osteichthyes
78
"Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes share which traits?"
2 chambered heart (single circulation)
mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood
79
"What is the benefit of Ostheichthyes evolving different feeding and foraging specialisations?"
Specialisation and modification of jaws and feeding apparatus, specalised feeding opportunites reduced competition
80
"Explain suction feeding in Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)"
"Fish expands mouth and pharynx rapidly to suck prey in before biting down and swallowing
Achieved by:
Rotate dorsal part of skull
Push out parts of mouth sideways
Drop lower jaw and hyoid"
Achieved by:
Rotate dorsal part of skull
Push out parts of mouth sideways
Drop lower jaw and hyoid"
81
"Describe Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae) feeding specialisations?"
Fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles attached to tip = increase in bite force
82
"Describe Parrot fish (family Scaridae) "
Common herbivorous of coral reefs
Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)
help produe sand
Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)
help produe sand
83
"Describe feeding modifications in Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes) "
Head Torsion, whole head is swivelled to side of body
Ambush predators
Ambush predators
84
"What are the feeding specalisations in Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
![]()
"
Dorsal spines with small cavity of bioluminescent bacteria
Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force
small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food
Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force
small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food
85
"Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)
![]()
"
Benthic
Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate
tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body
Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey
Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate
tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body
Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey
86
"Frogfish (family Antennariidae) "
Camouflage - Weird shape, colour change and skin texture (so no scales)
Ambush
Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate
Ambush
Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate
87
"Leafy Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques and seahorses (family Syngnathidae) "
Mimic surroundings
Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites
Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops
Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure
Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites
Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops
Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure
88
"Describe 3 traits of Lionfish"
Aposematic Colouration
Venomous
Highly invasive
Venomous
Highly invasive
89
Fish Taxonomy
"*mak a drawing*
2 classes/clades:
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes:
Class Dipnoi: lungfish
Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish"
2 classes/clades:
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)
Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes:
Class Dipnoi: lungfish
Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish"
90
"Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii)"
largest group
verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge
homocercal tail: equal lobes
scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction
single operculum
swim bladder bouyancy control
good eye sight large optic lobes
enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination
verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge
homocercal tail: equal lobes
scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction
single operculum
swim bladder bouyancy control
good eye sight large optic lobes
enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination
91
"What are gill rakers?"
bony processes projecting from branchial / gill arches
92
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes conti.
****watch sldiewhow****
Terminal, superior or inferior mouths
cells in saltwter shrink, need
Marine:
Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O
Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out
Na+ ions follow passively
Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4
Freshwater:
Lose salts by diffusion
Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of dilute urine
Salts replenished during feeding
Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)
Terminal, superior or inferior mouths
cells in saltwter shrink, need
Marine:
Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O
Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out
Na+ ions follow passively
Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4
Freshwater:
Lose salts by diffusion
Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of dilute urine
Salts replenished during feeding
Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)
93
"Actinopterygii are dioecious, and mostly reproduce ____ and ___"
sexually and externally
94
"Overview: Actinopterygii Locomotion"
"Swim by flexing bodies and tail back and forth sinosoidual motion
Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)
2 ways of contraction
Pushes against water and moves forward
Caudal fin helps push through water
Pectoral fins give maneuverability
median fins give stability
All fins used to steer
example: Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)
Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail
Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity"
Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)
2 ways of contraction
Pushes against water and moves forward
Caudal fin helps push through water
Pectoral fins give maneuverability
median fins give stability
All fins used to steer
example: Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)
Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail
Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity"
95
Dipnoi Lungfish
- 6 species,
the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills
connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area
live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface
thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod
develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters
diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes
the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills
connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area
live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface
thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod
develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters
diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes
96
Class Acinistia
Ceolacanths, once throught to be extinct but now 2-3 species
nmae of women who found first fish?
do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?
singlelove vertigial lung
nmae of women who found first fish?
do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?
singlelove vertigial lung
97
"Which species uses elongated tailfin and pelvic fins to stand on substrate to catch food?"
Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)
98
"Match the species with 2 foraging specalisations:
Order Pleuronectiformes
Family Scaridae
Datniodies sp.
Subfamily Serrasalminae
Family Chaetodontidae
Order Lophiiformes
"
- Filter feeding with bony processes project from gill arches
- Hairbrush like teeth
- Rapid exapansion of mouth and pharnyx (suction feeding)
- Large jaw muscles attached to tip (increase in bite force)
- Herbivourous, crushing jaws that make sand
- Smaller second row of teeth break up small food pieces
- Modified gill rankers
- Fine sharp serated teeth
- Continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch
- Elongated jaw forms long snout
- Head torsion
- Hinged front row of teeth
- Rotation of dorsal skull and droping lower jaw hyoid pushes mouth out
- Ambush predator using camoflage
Order Pleuronectiformes
Family Scaridae
Datniodies sp.
Subfamily Serrasalminae
Family Chaetodontidae
Order Lophiiformes
"
"Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)
suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out
Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae)
fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles
Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)
hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout
Parrotfish (family Scaridae)
herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch
Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)
ambush and head torsion flounders
Anchovies (Engraulidae)
filter feeding with modified gill rankers
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure "
suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out
Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae)
fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles
Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)
hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout
Parrotfish (family Scaridae)
herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch
Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)
ambush and head torsion flounders
Anchovies (Engraulidae)
filter feeding with modified gill rankers
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure "
99
"How do Anchovies (family Engraulidae) feed?"
Filter-feeder
H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then into oesophagus
H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then into oesophagus
100
"Superior mouths, also called _____ feed on organisms in/near____"
supraterminal, the surface
101
"![]()
![]()
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
Terminal
feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom
feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom
102
"![]()
![]()
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __"
Superior/supraterminal
feeding on organism near surface
feeding on organism near surface
103
"![]()
![]()
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
Inferior/subterminal
scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey
scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey
104
"What is a hyoid and which animal has it? "
u shaped bone in neck,
gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding
gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding
105
"Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes differ because?"
presence of operculum gill cover in Osteichthyes
106
"The operculum allows Ostiechthyes to ____ while swimming"
"stay still (won't effect respiration)"
107
"Bony plates called _____ attach to the first gill arch"
Operculum
108
"The operculum attaches to the _____"
first gill arch
109
"When a bony fish opens it's mouth, the operculum _____, when the mouth closes, the operculum ______."
closes, opens
110
"The opening of mouth and closing of operculum causes a sucking action that pulls water over gills. T/F?"
True
111
"The closing of the mouth and opening of the operculum allows water to be pushed out via mouth pressure. T/F"
true
112
"Gill filaments have numerous ___ to increase surface area for better oxygen absorbtion."
lamellae
113
"The purpose of gills is to _____"
pull oxygen out of water
114
"What is a swim bladder?"
allows for bouyancy control like a ballooon
115
"Osteichthyes have ___ bouyancy while Chondrichthyes have ___ bouyancy"
neutral, negative
116
"What two evolutions allow Osteichthyes to stay still in water?"
swim bladder with nuetral bouyancy, and operculum
117
"Which family sometimes moves by walking on substrate with pectoral and pelvic fins?"
frogfish (family Antennariidae)
118
"How do frogfish (family Antennariidae) and tripod fish (Bathypterois grallator) differ in their ""standing"" methods?"
Frog fish use their pectoral and pelvic fins to occasionally locomote
While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins
While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins
119
"Modified doral spines with bacteria filled cavities are important for which order?"
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
120
"What are the 3 function groups Excavators, Scrapers, and Sifters purpose?
*check lecture* what are they?"
*check lecture* what are they?"
Excavators: large, strong jaws to excavate landscape
Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate
Sifters: sift the sand
Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate
Sifters: sift the sand
121
"Fish are divided into 3 groups based on:"
mouth morphologies
122
"Caudal fins are used for?"
Thrust and lift & mate signaling
123
"Dorsal and anal median fins are used for?"
stability
124
"Pectoral and pelvic girdles support fins. T/F"
true
125
"What are gill filamnets? "
"red, highly oxygenated, fleshy part of the gills; they take oxygen into the blood. Each filament has thousands of lamellae branches that are exposed to the water"
126
"The evolution of lungs (accessory breathing organs) is significant in Osterichthyes because? 2 reasons"
advatage in poorly oxygenated water,
helped moved onto land
helped moved onto land
127
"What accessory organ in Osteichthyes was a precussor for evolving to be terrestial?"
lungs
128
"Being nuetrally bouyant means you have ___ density to water"
same
129
"As a fish goes down in the water coloum, the swim bladder is compressed, making the fish ____ and _____."
heavier and sinks faster
130
"If a swim bladder in Osteichthyes is attached to the gut, how do they adjust the swim bladder size?"
gulp air to go down
and burp to release air and go up
and burp to release air and go up
131
"How do Osteichthyes with no gut swim bladder control ascension and descension?"
blood chemistry transfers air into swim bladder
132
"What is single circulation?"
" blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart"
133
"What feeding modifications do Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) have?"
hairbrush teeth & elongated jaw snout kinda like a toothbrush
134
"What are 2 feeding specialisations that increase bite force?"
Hingedfront row of teeth in Angler fish
large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas
large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas
135
"Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are sexual and usuallly repoduce externally. What are 2 examples of their fertilization types?"
Oviparous (e.g., salmon)
Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)
Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)
136
"Some Actinopterygii provide ___ care, brooding the mouth, pouches, or nests and provide ___ care after birth."
Paternal, little
137
"Actinopterygii such as clown fish display ____"
Sequential hermaphroditism
138
"Overview: Reproduction in Actinopterygii"
Dioeceious
Sexual
Mostly externally
Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)
Oviparous - salmon
Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies
paternal brooders in mouth or pouch
clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation
little care after birth
elaborate courtship displays
Sexual
Mostly externally
Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)
Oviparous - salmon
Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies
paternal brooders in mouth or pouch
clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation
little care after birth
elaborate courtship displays
139
"How do Actinopterygii locomote?"
"Flex bodies and tails back and forth by expand their muscles on one body side and relaxing the muscles on other side (sinusoidal movement like humans)
Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water."
Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water."
140
"Why do Fins embedded in the body musculature allow for independent movement?"
?
141
"Which class is the largest of bony fishes?"
Class Actinopterygii
142
"Muscous covered skin reduces drag and friction in which class of Osteichthyes?"
class Actinopterygii
143
"What are the 2 clades of Osteichthyes?"
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes
144
"What are Gnathostomes?
Jawed animals
145
"What are 2 advantages of jaws?"
Enhance foraging (biting off large chunks) & better manipulation
146
"How do Chondrichthyes squeeze gill arches together?"
- bottom arch swivels to make chomping motion
- top arch remains attached to skull for stability
- top arch remains attached to skull for stability
147
"3 modes of Chondrichthyes reproduction?"
oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous
148
"Ovoviviparous
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"
"
egg develop and hatch inside parent
149
"Chondrichthyes are monoceious/dioeceious and reproduce via internal/external fertilizatoin?"
Dioecious, Internal
150
"What is the evolutionary purpose of a cartilaginous skeleton?"
increase bouyancy
151
"Subclass Elasmobranchii includes?"
Sharks & Rays
152
"Do Subclass Elasmobranchii have a notochord?"
It is replaced by Vertebrae
153
"What are the two stomach sections in Elasmobranchii?"
cardiac and pyloric
154
"What is the disadvantage of Elasmobranchii having a very short intestine?"
limits nutrient absorbtion efficiency
155
"Subclass Elasmobranchii have a Spiral valve use for?"
large internal surface area
retain digestible material in ileum increase nutrient absorbtion
retain digestible material in ileum increase nutrient absorbtion
156
"Elasmobranchii use a spiracle for"
increase gas efficiency
157
"Sharks swim to ___ the lungs,
While Rays _________ "
While Rays _________ "
ventilate;
spiracles actively pump water over gills
spiracles actively pump water over gills
158
"Elasmobranchii have a 2 chambered heart. Divided into 1 ___ and 1 ____. "
atrium
ventricle
ventricle
159
"The atrium and ventricle chambers in the Elasmobranchii heart is used for?"
single circulation
160
"Elasmobranchii have: (not well developed, excellent, limited)
___ hearing
___ vision
___ smell"
___ hearing
___ vision
___ smell"
not well developed, limited, excellent
161
"What do the Ampullae of Lorenzini do?"
sense electrical field of prey
162
"Superorder Selachimorpha belongs to which Subclass? "
Elasmobranchii
163
"Superorder Selachimorpha include?"
sharks
164
What does heterocercal mean?
165
"Selachimorpha locomtion?"
Paired fins for lift
Pectoral fins can’t swivel
fast speed but low maneuverability
Tail provides thrust and lift as shark moves through water
Head and fins flattened for lift during forward motion
Heavier than water: sink if they don’t continue swimming forward
Very fast sharks: modified tail fins for ↑ speed
Pectoral fins can’t swivel
fast speed but low maneuverability
Tail provides thrust and lift as shark moves through water
Head and fins flattened for lift during forward motion
Heavier than water: sink if they don’t continue swimming forward
Very fast sharks: modified tail fins for ↑ speed
166
"Elasmobranchii have ___ bouyancy"
negatively buoyant: sink if they stop swimming, heavoer than water
Expend more energy than if they were neutrally buoyant
Expend more energy than if they were neutrally buoyant
167
"Placoid scales"
Like small teeth and very tough
Flat rectangular base plate embedded in skin
Inner core of pulp composed of connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves
Pulp cavity treated by layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine
Covered with hard enamel outer layer
Secreted by cells in dermis
Pierce epidermis
Flat rectangular base plate embedded in skin
Inner core of pulp composed of connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves
Pulp cavity treated by layer of odontoblast cells that secrete dentine
Covered with hard enamel outer layer
Secreted by cells in dermis
Pierce epidermis
168
Whale Sharks use 3 feeding methods:
Passive – swim slowly with open mouth, straining plankton
Vertical – float vertically, using suction to draw prey in
Active – suction filter-feed while swimming, drawing water into mouths at higher velocities: “ram-filter feeding”
Vertical – float vertically, using suction to draw prey in
Active – suction filter-feed while swimming, drawing water into mouths at higher velocities: “ram-filter feeding”
169
"What are claspers?"
♂ has claspers: extensions of pelvic fins to transfer sperm to ♀
170
"Do Selachimorpha have parental care?"
No, take care of themselves from birth
171
What are the 3 different types of shark egg development with examples?
"Viviparous: babies fed by a placenta that transfers nutrients from mother to young: give birth to live young. e.g., mako
Oviparous: deposit eggs that hatch later: ""mermaid's purse“ - tough, leathery membrane; yolk feeds embryo. e.g., zebra shark
Ovoviviparous: eggs hatch internally but no placenta. e.g., cookiecutter shark"
Oviparous: deposit eggs that hatch later: ""mermaid's purse“ - tough, leathery membrane; yolk feeds embryo. e.g., zebra shark
Ovoviviparous: eggs hatch internally but no placenta. e.g., cookiecutter shark"
172
Rays belong to the superorder __ and the order ___
Batioidea , Rajiformes
173
Rays
- DV flattened
- Benthic
Elarged winged pectoral fins
Move via wave like motion, lifiting and thrusting
respire: draw water into spiracles, force out gills,
5-6 gill slits on ventral surface
Tail, but the caudal fin reduced / absent
Small, blunt teeth in a plate used for grinding Dioecious: internal fertilization (♂ has claspers)
- Benthic
Elarged winged pectoral fins
Move via wave like motion, lifiting and thrusting
respire: draw water into spiracles, force out gills,
5-6 gill slits on ventral surface
Tail, but the caudal fin reduced / absent
Small, blunt teeth in a plate used for grinding Dioecious: internal fertilization (♂ has claspers)
174
Subclass Holocephali: rat/rabbit fishes (ghost sharks) and elephant fishes
Very primitive: few surviving members in order Chimaeriformes
Elongated, soft bodies with a bulky head
One gill slit
Teeth fused to form plates
Lack placoid scales
Large pectoral fins and a long slender tail
No stomach
Benthic, often in very deep water
Move using sweeping movements of pectoral fins
Dorsal fin sometimes has a venomous erectile spine
Dioecious: internal fertilization, ♂ has claspers, ♀ oviparous
Elongated, soft bodies with a bulky head
One gill slit
Teeth fused to form plates
Lack placoid scales
Large pectoral fins and a long slender tail
No stomach
Benthic, often in very deep water
Move using sweeping movements of pectoral fins
Dorsal fin sometimes has a venomous erectile spine
Dioecious: internal fertilization, ♂ has claspers, ♀ oviparous
175
How did jaws progress?
modification of gill arches, arches move forward, arches squeeze together, bottom arch swivels, top arch fixed
176
"What are 2 unique highly developed sensory organs in Chondrichthyes?"
lateral lines & ampullary organs of Lorenzini
177
"Holocephali have no ___ scales and no ____ for digestion."
placoid scales, stomach
178
"Holocephali have a stomach. T/F?"
False
179
"Holocephali have no placoid scales. T/F?"
True
180
What group of Chordates has a fusiform shape?
Superclass Selachimorpha (subclass Elasmobranchii)
181
Elasmobranchii have a large ______ and no ______ bladder.
oily liver, swim
182
What are placoid scales?
like tiny teeth secreted from dermis cells
183
Are reptiles monophyletic?
No
184
The benefits of an amniotic egg are:
A. Faster development of larger offspring in dry environments
B. Embryo that carries its own water
C. Waste released into H2O
D. Environment helps protect against dessication
A + B
185
Amniotic eggs in a eutherian mammal:
A. Are oviparous only
B. Eggs usually laid in water: variations in the dry
C. The amnion, chorion and allantois perform similar functions and are retained inside mother
D. Brood in back pockets
186
A high metabolic rate is a result of endo or ecto thermy?
Endothermy
187
Rapid digestion, oxidation of food, cellular metabolism, muscular contractions are related to which type of heat generation? Endo/Ecto
Endothermy
188
T or F - Birds have parabronchi instead of alveoli?
True
