Veterinary Terminology: The Nervous System

Question 1

encephalo-

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

medullo-

Answer 2

medulla

Question 3

myelo-

Answer 3

bone marrow

Question 4

brain

Answer 4

part of the CNS (central nervous system)
responsible for coordinating the activity of all parts of multicellular animals
essential for the co-existence of widely disparate cellular populations
the first organ throughout recorded history that has developed the capacity to study itself

Question 5

the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 5

consists of the integrative brain, the more primitive brainstem, and the spinal cord
together with peripheral nervous system has a fundamental role in the control of behavior

Question 6

brain protected by

Answer 6

bony skull case and mengines (connective tissue layers)

Question 7

spinal cord protected by

Answer 7

individual, slightly moveable vertebral bones and mengines (connective tissue layers)

Question 8

Mengines 3 connective tissue layers

Answer 8

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 9

fundamental cellular unit for the nervous system

Answer 9

Neurons

Question 10

neurons

Answer 10

are very metabolically active
have the capacity for generating and propagating an electrical discharge (action potential)
have the means for restoring a resting state and generating another action potential after a short refractory period

Question 11

action potential

Answer 11

generating and propagating an electrical discharge

Question 12

refractory period

Answer 12

the period of time during which a neuron can’t re-fire

Question 13

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 13

a special medium that contains nutrients, electrolytes, water, respiratory gases, hormones, and neurotransmitters

Question 14

blood-brain barrier

Answer 14

serves to isolate neurons from the general circulation

Question 15

CSF tap

Answer 15

collecting a sample of CSF to determine whether a breakdown is occuring with the blood-brain barrier

Question 16

neurons consists of three parts

Answer 16

soma- cell body
dendrites
axon

Question 17

soma- cell body

Answer 17

contains organelles that are similar to other cells in the body

Question 18

dendrites

Answer 18

extension from the cell body laden with receptive elements

Question 19

axon

Answer 19

single, long and large process that leaves the cell body to form a synapse with a distant cell or cells

Question 20

synapse

Answer 20

nerve ending

Question 21

sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 21

are responsible for conveying information about the external or internal environment to or within the CNS

Question 22

thermoreceptors

Answer 22

receptors for temperature

Question 23

chemoreceptors

Answer 23

receptors for chemical irritants

Question 24

mechanoreceptors

Answer 24

receptors for pressure

Question 25

nociceptors

Answer 25

receptors for pain

Question 26

vagus nerve

Answer 26

information from receptors is conveyed to the brain via this nerve

Question 27

motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 27

generate their own action potentials in response to what they receive from the periphery

Question 28

dendritic zone

Answer 28

the action potential is an amalgamation of inputs from many afferent inputs very large for motor neurons

Question 29

reflex arc

Answer 29

a conversation between the central and peripheral nervous systems occurs by virtue of a receptor to afferent neuron to efferent neuron to effector cell loop

Question 30

neocortex

Answer 30

new brain (population of cells, dendritic zone is immense)

Question 31

cerebral palsy

Answer 31

the population of upper neurons in question become injured or destroyed during birth in human babies

Question 32

spasticity and hyperreflexia

Answer 32

manifestations of the loss of modulatory influences by upper motor neurons on the reflexive responses by the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord. Movements are very stiff and over-exaggerated

Question 33

cerebrum

Answer 33

main portion of brain

Question 34

cerebration

Answer 34

functional activity of the brain

Question 35

cerbrovascular

Answer 35

pertaining to the blood vessels of the brain

Question 36

cerbellum

Answer 36

refers to a specific portion of the brain devoted to balance, body position, and coordinated movements

Question 37

glia

Answer 37

structural and supportive cells of the CNS | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

Question 38

Schwann cells

Answer 38

large nucleated cells whose cytoplasm is tightly wound around a segment of axon, encapsulating it and facilitating propagation of an action potential much like insulation around an electrical wire

Question 39

medulla oblongata

Answer 39

the caudal portion of the brain stem where neurons devoted to a variety of vital functions, such as a cardiorespiratory function, peristalsis, food intake (swallowing, chewing, vomition), and hearing

Question 40

ventricular system

Answer 40

internal spaces in the brain where csf is produced and circulates to bathe every neuron from inside to outside

Question 41

subarachnoid space

Answer 41

space between meningeal layers (between dura mater and arachnoid mater) which is external to the substance of the brain and spinal cord that allows CSF to percolate from outside to inside

Question 42

nucleus

Answer 42

A collection of neurons of like function that reside in the CNS

Question 43

ganglion

Answer 43

A collection of neurons of like function that reside outside the CNS

Question 44

cerebromalacia

Answer 44

abnormal softening of the brain

Question 45

encephalopathy

Answer 45

any abnormality of the brain

Question 46

hydrocephaly

Answer 46

an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain | water on the brain

Question 47

encephalopathy

Answer 47

parasitic migration of the larval stage of the genus (Encephalitozoon.) Resulting in ischemic lesions secondary to disruption of key cerebral vessels, results in cerebral signs and major behavior changes

Question 48

cerebrodysplasia

Answer 48

any congenital anomaly of the brain

Question 49

Schwannoma

Answer 49

a tumor of the Schwann cell sheath | aka neurofibroma

Question 50

neuropharmacologic

Answer 50

adverse drug reaction that present with cerebral signs

Question 51

astrocytoma

Answer 51

a tumor composed of astrocytes. | most common form of primary brain tumor and can arise anywhere in the CNS

Question 52

ataxia

Answer 52

A failure of muscle coordination that often manifests as a very abnormal gait

Question 53

neuropathy

Answer 53

a functional abnormality or pathologic change in the peripheral nervous system

Question 54

neuromyopathy

Answer 54

A muscle disorder resulting from a loss of or abnormal nerve inputs

Question 55

neuroprotective

Answer 55

guarding or protecting against neurotoxicity

Question 56

myelodysplasia

Answer 56

abnormal formation of the spinal cord

Question 57

demyelination

Answer 57

loss of the myelin sheath provided by Schwann cells, resulting in reduced or disorganized propagation of action potentials

Question 58

Somnolence

Answer 58

sleepiness or reduction in sensorium (level of consciousness) that, in worsening condition can be followed by coma, which is an absence of conciousness

Question 59

space occupying lesion

Answer 59

an abnormal mass somewhere in the nervous system that compresses delicate nervous tissure. The mass could be a tumor, an abscess, or an enlarged normal structure

Question 60

encephalomyelitis

Answer 60

inflammation f the brain and spinal cord. the causative agents can be viral, bacterial, Rickettsial, fungal, or parasitic.

Question 61

theco

Answer 61

sheath

Question 62

meningo

Answer 62

meninges

Question 63

myo

Answer 63

muscle

Question 64

esthesia

Answer 64

perception | sensitivity

Question 65

algia

Answer 65

pain | painful condition

Question 66

plegia

Answer 66

paralysis

Question 67

paresis

Answer 67

slight or incomplete paralysis

Question 68

taxo

Answer 68

order | coordination

Question 69

nervous system problems

Answer 69

``` seizures blindness deafness dementia tremors head-tilts nystagmus paresis paralysis pain ```

Question 70

neuro exam

Answer 70

``` mental status cranial nerve reflexes gait and posture proprioceptive positioning spinal reflexes pain perception ```

Question 71

states of consciousness

Answer 71

somnolent lethargic stuporous comatose

Question 72

thalamocortex

Answer 72

behavior or intelligence | Animal unable to relate normally with its environment

Question 73

Epilepsy

Answer 73

seizure disorder-recurrent status epilepticus- last longer than 5-10 minutes cluster seizures- 2 or more over a brief period of time

Question 74

Wobbler's syndrome

Answer 74

cervical vertebral abnormalities

Question 75

radiculo

Answer 75

radicle

Question 76

neuro

Answer 76

nerves

Question 77

cerebro-

Answer 77

spinal fluid