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Graduate Level > VIni & Viti > Flashcards

VIni & Viti Flashcards

1
Q

What is Malolactic Fermentation?

A

Secondary fermentation that converts the malic acid into softer dairy like lactic acid.

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2
Q

What is a clone?

A

A vine with genetic variation that is specifically selected for a particular characteristic.
I.e.:Drought & Disease resistance. Specific fruit character

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3
Q

What is an organic wine?

A

A wine made from grapes grown without any use of synthetic pesticides or additives and made without the addition of sulfites although naturally occurring will still be present.

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4
Q

Who developed the agricultural philosophies that Biodynamic farming is based on?

A

Rudolph Steiner (1924)

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5
Q

What are sustainable practices in wine cultivation?

A

Water conservation, renewable resources & habitat development.
* Practices that are ecologically sound, economically and socially responsible.

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6
Q

What is the combination of two vines of the same species?

A

Crossing

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7
Q

What is the combination of two vines from two differing species?

A

Hybrid

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8
Q

What type of vineyard site is Champagne?

A

Macroclimate- climate on the regional level

Also includes Napa Valley and Marlborough

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9
Q

What vineyard or area would be considered a Mesoclimate?

A

A single vineyard or sub appellation.

Example: Oakville

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10
Q

What is a Microclimate?

A

The climate for an individual vine

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11
Q

What is Aspect?

A

The direction the vines face, the angle and height of the slope.

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12
Q

What are the benefits of a sloping vineyard?

A

Greater sun strength in a temperate climate.

Natural drainage.

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13
Q

What effect does altitude have on vineyard temperature?

A

For every 100 meters (330 ft) above sea level temperature fall 1 degree C (1.8 degrees F)

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14
Q

What effect do bodies of water have on a vineyard?

A

Warms cold regions via convection & reflection. (Mosel)

Cool ocean currents can moderate warmer climates. (Santa Barbara)

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15
Q

Climate vs Weather

A

Climate: Determined by geographical location. (What should be)
Weather: result of how nature affects climate on a daily basis. (What it is)

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16
Q

What is the ideal mean temperature to grow grapes?

A

57-59 degrees F.

Averaging no less than 66 degrees in Summer and 30 degrees in winter.

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17
Q

How much rain is required for a vine to thrive?

A

27 inches

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18
Q

What methods are used to combat frost?

A

Aspersion (spraying with sprinklers)
Smudge pots
Fans
Planting away from frost pockets

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19
Q

What is the area most prone to hail?

A

Piedmont

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20
Q

What is the effect of hail in spring?

A

Damages flowers which effects pollination & fruit set, leading to smaller yields.

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21
Q

What happens when hail damages a vines leaves?

A

Slows photosynthesis and translocation of sugars during ripening.

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22
Q

What is powdery mildew and how do you treat it?

A
  • Aka Oidium
  • Fungus native to North America
  • Spreads in dry conditions
  • Prevent by aerating canopy and spraying sulfur. Organic vineyard uses mineral oil.
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23
Q

What is downy mildew?

A

AKA persona sport
A fungus of European origin.
Infected grapes turn leathery and shrivel.

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24
Q

How do you treat Downey Mildew?

A

Difficult to remove.
Prevent with proper canopy aeration.
Spray with “Bordeaux mixture”(Lime & copper sulfate)

25
Q

What is grey rot?

A

AKA Botrytis
Occurs and spreads in wet, humid conditions.
Damaged grapes are at the most risk.

26
Q

What is leaf roll?

A

A common virus that causes leaves to roll and change color.
Will eventually lower yields.
No treatment.

27
Q

What is fan leaf?

A

A virus that distorts leaves, affects photosynthesis and lowers yields.
No treatment. Pull vines & leave vineyard dormant for 4-7 years.

28
Q

What are Nepoviruses?

A

A group of 13 viruses that are spread by nematodes.

Vineyard must be pulled up to treat.

29
Q

What cause Phylloxera?

A

Root louse that feeds on the root system of vitis vinifera depriving the vine of sugars & nutrients. Leaving the vine susceptible to other diseases.

30
Q

How is Phylloxera prevented?

A

Grafting vitis vinifera vines on to American rootstock.

31
Q

What is the best method to handle a Nematode infestation?

A

Use resistant rootstock
Make sure infected vines are not spread.
Soil fumigation but expensive and not environmentally friendly.

32
Q

What are the most Phylloxera resistant rootstocks?

A

Berlandieri
Riparia
Rupestris

33
Q

What are the ideal conditions to encourage Noble Rot?

A

Temperate climate.
Morning mist.
Warm, sunny afternoons.

34
Q

What terms are used to describe ripeness levels?

A

Brix
Ochsle (Germany)
Baume (France)

35
Q

What process creates sugar (sucrose) in the vine?

A

Photosynthesis

36
Q

What is sucrose broken down into when its transported from leaves to grapes?

A

Glucose and Fructose

37
Q

What are the two most important acids in the grape?

A

Malic & Tartaric

38
Q

What happens to malic & tartaric acid as the grape ripens?

A

Malic levels lower

Tartaric levels rise

39
Q

What are the main phenolic compounds found in grapes/wine?

A

Flavonoids
Tannins
Anthocyanins

40
Q

What do Flavanoids contribute to a wine?

A

Color
Astringency
Texture
Antioxidant properties

41
Q

What type of tannins would result in grapes grown in a cooler climate?

A

Green, rough tannins.

Examples: Loire Cabernet Franc

42
Q

Would smaller or larger berries create a more concentrated wine?

A

Smaller berries yield a greater skin to juice ratio.

43
Q

What is cane pruning also known as?

A

Guyot

44
Q

What is the first sign of a vine waking from winter dormancy?

A

Weeping: sap rising out of pruned cane ends.

45
Q

When does bud break occur?

A

Northern Hemisphere: March-April

Southern Hemisphere: Sept- Oct

46
Q

What is an embryo bunch?

A

Tiny green clusters from which the vine flowers.

47
Q

When does a vine flower?

A

North Hemisphere: May- June

South Hemisphere: Nov- December

48
Q

When does fruit set occur?

A

North Hemisphere: June-July

Southern Hemisphere: Dec- Jan

49
Q

When does veraison occur?

A

Northern Hemisphere: August

Southern Hemisphere: January

50
Q

When does harvest occur?

A

Northern Hemisphere: Aug-Oct

Southern Hemisphere: February- March

51
Q

What is the life cycle of a vine for a season?

A 
Weeping
Bud Break
Embryo Buches/Shoots
FLowering
Fruit Set
Veraison
Harvest
52
Q

What type of acid is added to acidify wine?

A

Tartaric acid

53
Q

What would you add to deacidify a wine?

A

Calcium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate is added to a portion of the must.

54
Q

What would you add to a wine to prevent MLF, protect from bacteria or oxidation?

A

Sulfur dioxide

55
Q

Yeast + Sugar= ?

A

Alcohol + CO2+Heat

56
Q

What is the hardiest, most commonly used yeast in winemaking?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

57
Q

What are the 3 types of methods for rose productions?

A

Saignee- A rose by product of red wine production
Limited maceration method
Blending Red and white wine (really only used in sparkling wine production)

58
Q

What metabolic process occurs in carbonic maceration

A

Intercellular fermentation

Graduate Level (18 decks)

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