VIni & Viti

Question 1

What is Malolactic Fermentation?

Answer 1

Secondary fermentation that converts the malic acid into softer dairy like lactic acid.

Question 2

What is a clone?

Answer 2

A vine with genetic variation that is specifically selected for a particular characteristic.
I.e.:Drought & Disease resistance. Specific fruit character

Question 3

What is an organic wine?

Answer 3

A wine made from grapes grown without any use of synthetic pesticides or additives and made without the addition of sulfites although naturally occurring will still be present.

Question 4

Who developed the agricultural philosophies that Biodynamic farming is based on?

Answer 4

Rudolph Steiner (1924)

Question 5

What are sustainable practices in wine cultivation?

Answer 5

Water conservation, renewable resources & habitat development.
* Practices that are ecologically sound, economically and socially responsible.

Question 6

What is the combination of two vines of the same species?

Answer 6

Crossing

Question 7

What is the combination of two vines from two differing species?

Answer 7

Hybrid

Question 8

What type of vineyard site is Champagne?

Answer 8

Macroclimate- climate on the regional level

Also includes Napa Valley and Marlborough

Question 9

What vineyard or area would be considered a Mesoclimate?

Answer 9

A single vineyard or sub appellation.

Example: Oakville

Question 10

What is a Microclimate?

Answer 10

The climate for an individual vine

Question 11

What is Aspect?

Answer 11

The direction the vines face, the angle and height of the slope.

Question 12

What are the benefits of a sloping vineyard?

Answer 12

Greater sun strength in a temperate climate.

Natural drainage.

Question 13

What effect does altitude have on vineyard temperature?

Answer 13

For every 100 meters (330 ft) above sea level temperature fall 1 degree C (1.8 degrees F)

Question 14

What effect do bodies of water have on a vineyard?

Answer 14

Warms cold regions via convection & reflection. (Mosel)

Cool ocean currents can moderate warmer climates. (Santa Barbara)

Question 15

Climate vs Weather

Answer 15

Climate: Determined by geographical location. (What should be)
Weather: result of how nature affects climate on a daily basis. (What it is)

Question 16

What is the ideal mean temperature to grow grapes?

Answer 16

57-59 degrees F.

Averaging no less than 66 degrees in Summer and 30 degrees in winter.

Question 17

How much rain is required for a vine to thrive?

Answer 17

27 inches

Question 18

What methods are used to combat frost?

Answer 18

Aspersion (spraying with sprinklers)
Smudge pots
Fans
Planting away from frost pockets

Question 19

What is the area most prone to hail?

Answer 19

Piedmont

Question 20

What is the effect of hail in spring?

Answer 20

Damages flowers which effects pollination & fruit set, leading to smaller yields.

Question 21

What happens when hail damages a vines leaves?

Answer 21

Slows photosynthesis and translocation of sugars during ripening.

Question 22

What is powdery mildew and how do you treat it?

Answer 22

• Aka Oidium
• Fungus native to North America
• Spreads in dry conditions
• Prevent by aerating canopy and spraying sulfur. Organic vineyard uses mineral oil.

Question 23

What is downy mildew?

Answer 23

AKA persona sport
A fungus of European origin.
Infected grapes turn leathery and shrivel.

Question 24

How do you treat Downey Mildew?

Answer 24

Difficult to remove.
Prevent with proper canopy aeration.
Spray with “Bordeaux mixture”(Lime & copper sulfate)

Question 25

What is grey rot?

Answer 25

AKA Botrytis Occurs and spreads in wet, humid conditions. Damaged grapes are at the most risk.

Question 26

What is leaf roll?

Answer 26

A common virus that causes leaves to roll and change color. Will eventually lower yields. No treatment.

Question 27

What is fan leaf?

Answer 27

A virus that distorts leaves, affects photosynthesis and lowers yields. No treatment. Pull vines & leave vineyard dormant for 4-7 years.

Question 28

What are Nepoviruses?

Answer 28

A group of 13 viruses that are spread by nematodes. | Vineyard must be pulled up to treat.

Question 29

What cause Phylloxera?

Answer 29

Root louse that feeds on the root system of vitis vinifera depriving the vine of sugars & nutrients. Leaving the vine susceptible to other diseases.

Question 30

How is Phylloxera prevented?

Answer 30

Grafting vitis vinifera vines on to American rootstock.

Question 31

What is the best method to handle a Nematode infestation?

Answer 31

Use resistant rootstock Make sure infected vines are not spread. Soil fumigation but expensive and not environmentally friendly.

Question 32

What are the most Phylloxera resistant rootstocks?

Answer 32

Berlandieri Riparia Rupestris

Question 33

What are the ideal conditions to encourage Noble Rot?

Answer 33

Temperate climate. Morning mist. Warm, sunny afternoons.

Question 34

What terms are used to describe ripeness levels?

Answer 34

Brix Ochsle (Germany) Baume (France)

Question 35

What process creates sugar (sucrose) in the vine?

Answer 35

Photosynthesis

Question 36

What is sucrose broken down into when its transported from leaves to grapes?

Answer 36

Glucose and Fructose

Question 37

What are the two most important acids in the grape?

Answer 37

Malic & Tartaric

Question 38

What happens to malic & tartaric acid as the grape ripens?

Answer 38

Malic levels lower | Tartaric levels rise

Question 39

What are the main phenolic compounds found in grapes/wine?

Answer 39

Flavonoids Tannins Anthocyanins

Question 40

What do Flavanoids contribute to a wine?

Answer 40

Color Astringency Texture Antioxidant properties

Question 41

What type of tannins would result in grapes grown in a cooler climate?

Answer 41

Green, rough tannins. | Examples: Loire Cabernet Franc

Question 42

Would smaller or larger berries create a more concentrated wine?

Answer 42

Smaller berries yield a greater skin to juice ratio.

Question 43

What is cane pruning also known as?

Answer 43

Guyot

Question 44

What is the first sign of a vine waking from winter dormancy?

Answer 44

Weeping: sap rising out of pruned cane ends.

Question 45

When does bud break occur?

Answer 45

Northern Hemisphere: March-April | Southern Hemisphere: Sept- Oct

Question 46

What is an embryo bunch?

Answer 46

Tiny green clusters from which the vine flowers.

Question 47

When does a vine flower?

Answer 47

North Hemisphere: May- June | South Hemisphere: Nov- December

Question 48

When does fruit set occur?

Answer 48

North Hemisphere: June-July | Southern Hemisphere: Dec- Jan

Question 49

When does veraison occur?

Answer 49

Northern Hemisphere: August | Southern Hemisphere: January

Question 50

When does harvest occur?

Answer 50

Northern Hemisphere: Aug-Oct | Southern Hemisphere: February- March

Question 51

What is the life cycle of a vine for a season?

Answer 51

``` Weeping Bud Break Embryo Buches/Shoots FLowering Fruit Set Veraison Harvest ```

Question 52

What type of acid is added to acidify wine?

Answer 52

Tartaric acid

Question 53

What would you add to deacidify a wine?

Answer 53

Calcium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate is added to a portion of the must.

Question 54

What would you add to a wine to prevent MLF, protect from bacteria or oxidation?

Answer 54

Sulfur dioxide

Question 55

Yeast + Sugar= ?

Answer 55

Alcohol + CO2+Heat

Question 56

What is the hardiest, most commonly used yeast in winemaking?

Answer 56

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 57

What are the 3 types of methods for rose productions?

Answer 57

Saignee- A rose by product of red wine production Limited maceration method Blending Red and white wine (really only used in sparkling wine production)

Question 58

What metabolic process occurs in carbonic maceration

Answer 58

Intercellular fermentation