viral disease Flashcards
(19 cards)
What type of pathogen is measles caused by?
virus
How is measles transmitted?
-by coughing/sneezing
-inhaled droplets
-transmission through the air - inhaling infected droplets from sneezes and coughs from an infected individual
what are the symptoms of measles?
-symptoms initially begin with fever, swollen
-eyes, coughing and runny nose
-after few days red skin rash on face develops before spreading across body
-spots
red eyes
diarrhoea
What can measles lead to?
-can lead to complications in children (which can be fatal) e.g. pneumonia (lung infection), encephalitis (brain infection), blindness, lifelong brain damage, deafness, death
How is the spread of measles prevented?
-most young children vaccinated against measles due to measles being a serious illness and being fatal if complications arise and to reduce transmission - get MMR shot
-infected individuals should minimise contact to avoid spreading it further
What is the treatment for measles?
-no specific treatment for this disease
-with appropriate rest and care the individual will recover
-additional medicines will need to be used to treat any complications arising from diseases
What type of pathogen is HIV caused by?
HIV virus
What affect does HIV have on the body?
-HIV attacks and destroys the infection fighting cells CD4 cells of the immune system
-loss of CD4 cells makes it difficult for body to fight infections and certain cancers
-HIV virus attacking immune systems means white blood cells can’t kill bacteria as easily
What are the symptoms of HIV?
-initially causes flu-like illness
-fever
-headache
-rash
-rapid weight loss
-chronic diarrhoea
How is HIV transmitted?
-spread through exchange of body fluids through sexual contact e.g. semen, pre-seminal fluids,
rectal fluids, vaginal fluids
-exchange of body fluids which occurs when drug users exchange needles
-can also be spread through breast milk
How can the spread of HIV be prevented/controlled?
-use condoms
-ensure you and any partners are STD tested
-don’t injects drugs/share needles
-screening blood when it is used in blood transfusions
-mothers with HIV bottle-feeding their children instead of breastfeeding
-if your are at high risk of HIV from sex or injecting drugs, taking HIV medicines daily, called pre-exposure prophylaxis (or PrEP) reduces risk of HIV infection
What is the treatment for HIV?
-no cure for disease
-use of antiretroviral drugs to stop viruses replicating in body and to stop the development of AIDs (late stage of HIV)
What happens if HIV is not successfully treated?
-if HIV not successfully controlled by antiretroviral drugs the HIV virus attacks the body’s immune system
- immune system damaged/weakened
-HIV virus attacking immune systems means white blood cells can’t kill bacteria as effectively
-leads to late stage HIV or AID’s when body’s immune system so badly damaged can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
What type of pathogen is TMV? ( tobacco mosaic virus
-virus
-a widespread plant pathogen which affects many species of plants inc. tomatoes
How is TMV transmitted?
Direct Contact: TMV can spread when infected plants rub against healthy plants, or when a farmer’s hands, contaminated with virus, touch healthy plants.
Contaminated Tools and Equipment: Tools like pruning shears, knives, or planting trowels can carry the virus from infected plants to healthy ones.
Contaminated Hands and Clothing: Farmers or gardeners can transfer the virus from infected plants to healthy ones on their hands or clothing if they haven’t thoroughly washed.
What are the symptoms of TMV?
-stunting.
-mosaic pattern of light and dark green (or yellow and green) on the leaves.
-malformation of leaves or growing points.
-yellow streaking of leaves (especially monocots)
-yellow spotting on leaves.
What is the treatment for TMV?
no cure-
-To control the spread of TMV, farmers must: dig up and destroy infected plants. wash their hands after handling infected plants.
-wash tools that have come into contact with infected plants in detergent or bleach.
-pest control
How does TMV negatively affect the growth of a plant?
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) negatively impacts plant growth by interfering with photosynthesis, a vital process for energy production.
-TMV causes leaf discoloration,
-reduces chlorophyll content,
-and disrupts the normal functioning of chloroplasts, the sites of photosynthesis.
This leads to reduced glucose production, ultimately causing stunted growth and a decrease in crop yield.
Reduce spread of a virus:
prioritize preventive measures like vaccination and regular handwashing,
-and take precautions when sick, such as staying home, wearing a mask, and improving air quality.
