Viral Respiratory Infections

Question 1

what is the Ro value in epidemiology?

Answer 1

it describes how many people a single person with a well known virus can infect

Question 2

what is the disease with the highest Ro value?

Answer 2

measles

Question 3

what is the structure of rhinovirus?

Answer 3

single stranded RNA with small protein shell

Question 4

what is a rhinovirus in first year of life associated with later in life?

Answer 4

chronic lung disease like COPD of CF…but especially adolescent asthma

Question 5

why is there not a vaccine for rhinovirus?

Answer 5

because there are over 100 serotypes

Question 6

can rhinovirus cause pneumonia?

Answer 6

you betcha

Question 7

where do influenza viruses originate from? what is this called?

Answer 7

they originate from animals…called zoonotic virus

Question 8

does RSV have a vaccine?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

does RSV have specific antivirals?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

does measles have specific antivirals?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

does measles have a vaccine?

Answer 11

YES…super good

Question 12

what is a common problematic cooccuring disease with influenza virus?

Answer 12

bacterial superinfection

Question 13

what four bugs commonly cause bacterial superinfection?

Answer 13

staph A
strep pneumo
group A strep (pyogenes)

Question 14

post infection, how long does it take you to develop serum antibodies against influenza?

Answer 14

2-3 weeks

Question 15

what is common class of influenza that infects us?

Answer 15

type A influenza

Question 16

is type B influenza a zoonotic virus?

Answer 16

no…only in humans

Question 17

what age group does type B influenza affect mainly?

Answer 17

mainly children

Question 18

what is the makeup of the influenza virus?

Answer 18

segmented RNA virus

Question 19

what is the role of neuraminidase in influenza?

Answer 19

it cleaves cyalic acid

Question 20

what are the four descriptors in order in infleunza nomenclature?

Answer 20

type, location of origin, strain number, year of isolation

Question 21

what animal do most influenza viruses start in?

Answer 21

aquatic birds

Question 22

what is antigenic drift?

Answer 22

gradual adaption through mutation of zoonotic viruses that allow human infection and transmission

Question 23

what is antigenic shift?

Answer 23

re-assortment of the segmented genome potentially allowing swapping of genes between different virus types (worse than drift)

Question 24

how often does antigenic shift happen?

Answer 24

between 10-40 years per one

Question 25

what is the predominant lineage of influenza B?

Answer 25

victoria lineage

Question 26

what are the two vaccine options for flu?

Answer 26

inactivated dead viral shot | live attenuated flu mist

Question 27

what does it mean for there to be a universal flu vaccine?

Answer 27

it means you get one vaccine that prevents you from drifting virus

Question 28

what is the structure of RSV? what is its other name?

Answer 28

paramyxoviruses eneveloped non segmented negative sense RNA

Question 29

what ages does RSV usually affect?

Answer 29

infants and immunocomp elderly

Question 30

how long does immunity last to RSV?

Answer 30

only like 2-3 months

Question 31

what portion of the airways does RSV infect?

Answer 31

bronchioles

Question 32

RSV infection of bronchioles leads to what?

Answer 32

airway obstruction

Question 33

what is the treatment for RSV?

Answer 33

supportive care mainly...there are non specific antivirals and pasisvely administered immunoglobulins

Question 34

are steroids or bronchodilators used with RSV?

Answer 34

no...

Question 35

what cells of the respiratory tract do viruses infect?

Answer 35

the epithelium

Question 36

explain how virus infections can lead to bacterial super infections

Answer 36

the virus gets into epithelium that gets infected enough that it clears out a space via necrosis and bacteria can settle

Question 37

name the three important molecules on the outside of the influenza virus?

Answer 37

neuraminidase hemagluttinin M2 ion channel

Question 38

explain why most influenza viruses in avian species do not make their way into human species

Answer 38

the receptors fro hemagluttinin on sialic acid for avian species is a 2,3 linkage but humans can only do 2,6 linkages between sialic acid and galactose

Question 39

what is the mechanism of Xofluza?

Answer 39

it inhibits the influenza virus from being able to make its own mRNA

Question 40

what time of year is RSV common?

Answer 40

late fall into early spring

Question 41

name the five symptoms of measles

Answer 41

``` fever cough macular red rash over most of body photophobia nausea ```

Question 42

how long does measles immunity last? can measles virus drift?

Answer 42

lifelong no

Question 43

what is the name of the rash in measles?

Answer 43

Kopliks spots

Question 44

where does the rash come from in measles?

Answer 44

infection of dermal capillary endothelial cells

Question 45

describe the pattern of disease from inoculation to transmission of measles in an individual

Answer 45

start by inhaling measles and it enters the lungs...from here the virus goes to lymph nodes and enters systemi circulation leading to the many symptoms...eventually works it way back to lungs and can cross back into airways to be coughed out and transmitted