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VM639: Virology > Viral Vaccines (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Viral Vaccines (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where should a feline leukemia (FeLV) vaccine be injected?

A

Below stifle, lateral left hind

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2
Q

What is the purpose of vaccines?

A

Stimulate a protective immune response

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3
Q

Define: Herd Immunity

A

Maintenance of a critical level of immunity
Population scale immunity
Key concept about how vaccines work

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4
Q

Define: Active Vaccine

A

Long term protection
Instilling into the recipient a modified form of the pathogen or material derived from it that induces immunity to disease

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5
Q

Define: Passive Vaccine

A

Short term protection
Instilling the products of the immune (antibodies or immune cells) into the recipient

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6
Q

What are the (4) ways viruses are modified to make a vaccine?

A

Attenuation
Inactivation
Fractionation
Cloning

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7
Q

What are the different categories of vaccines?

A

Modified live aka “attenuated”
Inactivated aka “killed”
Toxoid
Recombinant DNA (subunit, synthetic peptide, recombinant vector, DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine)

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8
Q

Characteristics of modified live viral vaccines

A

Attenuated, avirulent mutants
Derived by serial passage in cell culture, embryonated eggs, non-host species
Replicate in the recipient mimicking the live virus infection
Stimulates both humoral and CMI response

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9
Q

What are different ways a virus can be attenuated?

A
  1. Serial passage of a virulent virus in an unnatural host, resulting in the accumulation of point mutations
  2. Selection of a related virus that confers cross-reactive immunity (ex. turkey virus for chicken disease)
  3. Selection of temperature sensitive or cold adaptive mutants
  4. Creation of deletion mutants
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10
Q

What is an empirically derived attenuated virus?

A

Passage in cell culture until mutations make virus nonvirulent

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11
Q

How does genetic attenuation work?

A

Eliminate virulence gene
Will be replicated without disease-causing gene

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12
Q

What are advantages of modified live/attenuated vaccines?

A

Best immune response, especially cell-mediated
Require fewer inoculations
Stimulates mucosal immunity (IgA)
Do not require adjuvants
Decreased chance of hypersensitivity reactions
Induce interferons
Inexpensive to manufacture

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13
Q

What are disadvantages of modified live/attenuated vaccines?

A

Reversion to virulence
Requires cold storage
Inactivated by UV light, heat, disinfectants
May contain contaminants
Can’t be administered to pregnant animals
Immune enhancement possible (FIP)

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14
Q

Characteristics of Inactivated/Killed Vaccines

A

Growth of large amounts of whole virus in cell culture, embryonated eggs, or animals
Inactivated by treatment with denaturing reagents (formaldehyde, acetone, alcohol) or alkylating agents (ethylene oxide, binary ethylenimine, beta-propiolactone)

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15
Q

Define: Adjuvants

A

Material added to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens in an inactivated or subunit vaccine
Trap anitgens and prolong their presentation to antigen-reactive cells

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16
Q

What do adjuvants induce?

A

Induce antigen-presenting cells to express co-stimulatory molecules
Induce macrophage-rich granulomas

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17
Q

What are different types of adjuvants?

A

Inorganic salts
Bacterial products
Delivery systems
Cytokines

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18
Q

What are the advantages of inactivated/killed vaccines?

A

Stable during storage
Unlikely to cause disease due to residual virulence
Unlikely to contain viable, contaminating microorganisms
Cost effective

19
Q

What are the disadvantages (9) of inactivated/killed vaccines?

A

Requires multiple doses to stimulate an immune response
Relatively poor cell mediated immune response
Require larger amounts of antigen
Problems with disease if there is failure to completely inactivate virus
Exacerbated disease in vaccinates
Undesirable adjuvant effects
Vaccine-induced tumors
Vaccine-induced granulomas
Immune disorders

20
Q

Characteristics of Subunit/Protein Vaccines

A

Specificity
Safety
Disadvantages similar to inactivated whole viral vaccines
Break virus into components, immunize with purified components
Clone viral genes, express in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, cell culture, purify protein
Antigen usually a capsid or membrane protein

21
Q

Define: DIVA

A

Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals
Marker vaccines tell you that antibodies are from vaccinations, not infection

22
Q

Characteristics of Synthetic Peptide Vaccines

A

Based on the idea that specific T cell epitopes can be synthesized and delivered for expression on MHC molecules
Safe, non-toxic, stable
Poorly immunogenic
Expensive to produce

23
Q

What are virus vector vaccines?

A

Take viral genome, put into vector, get replication
Adenovirus, poxvirus, herpesvirus, measles virus

24
Q

What are live recombinant organisms?

A

Take protein from virulent virus, insert into vector genome

25
Q

What are advantages of virus vector vaccines?

A

Safety of existing vaccine viruses
Ease of administration
Reduced replication due to gene introduction

26
Q

What are disadvantages of virus vector vaccines?

A

Possible disease due to vector itself
Reduced replication of the vector in the unnatural host

27
Q

How do DNA vaccines work?

A

Long term immunity
DNA of virus is directly delivered to host genome and is replicated

28
Q

What are advantages of DNA vaccines?

A

Ease of administration
Expression of genes for 60 days
Pure, stable
Relatively low cost
No interference by maternal antibody

29
Q

What are disadvantages of DNA vaccines?

A

Concern regarding potential for insertional mutagenesis and oncogenesis following integration of cDNA

30
Q

Describe Toxoid Vaccines

A

Contains toxin/proteins from pathogen
Induces humoral response
Diptheria, tetanus, rattlesnake, botulism

31
Q

What are the (13) decisions that must be made when vaccinating?

A
  1. Efficacy
  2. Safety
  3. Prevalence of infection/disease
  4. Economic impact of disease vs cost of vx
  5. Protection against disease vs infection
  6. Reduction of virus shedding
  7. Anticipated time of exposure or disease
  8. Herd immunity
  9. Confusion caused by antibodies due to infection vs vx (DIVA)
  10. Mucosal vs systemic immunity
  11. Interference by maternal antibodies
  12. Stimulation of maternal antibodies
  13. Duration of immunity
32
Q

Define: Universal Vaccination

A

Everyone needs vx
Ex. rabies in US

33
Q

Define: Ring Vaccination

A

Vx animals closest to exposure

34
Q

What are the 3 vx strategies?

A

Universal vx
Ring vx
Vx of key susceptible groups within population

35
Q

Recommended Core Vaccines: Canine

A

Parvo
Distemper
Adenovirus
Rabies

36
Q

Recommended Core Vaccines: Feline

A

Herpes
Calicivirus
Panleukopenia
Rabies

37
Q

Recommended Core Vaccines: Equine

A

Eastern/Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
Rabies
Tetanus
West Nile Virus

38
Q

Recommended Core Vaccines: Bovine

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

39
Q

What are the ways a vaccine fails with correct administration and the animal responds?

A

Animal is already infected
Wrong virus used
Non-protective antigens used

40
Q

What are the ways a vaccine fails with correct administration and the animal fails to respond?

A

Interference by passively acquired antibodies
Immunosuppression
Genetic non-responder
Inadequate vaccine

41
Q

What are ways a vaccine can be incorrectly administered?

A

Inappropriate route (IN vs IM)
Accidental inactivation of live vx virus
Administration to passively protected animal (already exposed)
Wrong vx administered
Administration to pregnant animal (esp mod live)

42
Q

What are different adverse reactions to vaccines?

A

Local rxns
Hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
Sudden death (accidental IV injection)
Neurologic rxns
Foreign body rxns
Neoplasia
Bacterial contamination
Virulent virus contamination
Adventitious virus contaminatino
Abortion
Congenital rxns
Interaction of x virus w other viral infection inside host
Immunosuppression

43
Q

What are the keys to success in vaccine administration?

A

Lack of reservoir
Long duration of immunity
Lack of antigenic variation
Safe, efficacious vx
Ease of administration, acceptability to client, acceptable cost
Appropriate storage and administration of vx

VM639: Virology (30 decks)

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